Stereotypes Of Black Female Actresses - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1893 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? Since the beginning, black female actresses have been afflicted by the stereotypical roles that they play in television shows, short films, and films that made it to the big screen black actresses have been portrayed as being overdramatic, irrational, violent, and unreliable as well as often being either unemployed or working hard labor jobs that are more often than not degrading to the black female character. Black actresses play these roles in television and movies because they are viewed as always struggling and having problems whether that be emotionally and/or financially compared to the roles white women play because they are deemed to be perfect and have everything going for them.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stereotypes Of Black Female Actresses" essay for you Create order There are many movies where African American actresses played different types of roles that frequently put black women in a negative light. For instance black women play many roles in movies that involve domestic violence where they are helpless in their current situation. Through the course of the films they are usually beaten by their boyfriends, husbands, thugs, etc. Movies and TV shows like these dont just subject stereotypes of black women on their black female actresses but black men as well on how they treat their women. They also have women play roles as single mothers struggling to take care of their children and themselves. However depending on the storyline of the movie or show sometimes these roles can help prove how strong black women are and that they are indeed capable of taking care of her family and herself without a partner. In other movies theyve shown black actresses playing the roles of prostitutes, to uphold the idea that some men think less of black women because they are willing to expose their bodies to anybody for money in return. There are also films that display black women as educated and having successful careers, though those films are in the minority compared to stereotypical films of black women. These roles in films show that not all black women are the same and that there are black women in the world who are successful and educated. Movies like The Help, Diary of a Mad Black Women, The Color Purple, and Why Did I Get Married show the different roles black women represent in films and in real life. My paper will have a focus on the different roles black women play in films, as well as providing a detailed analysis of the different movies that a black women play in. These movies will give you a new impression of black women and the different stereotypes that they portray. I will discuss some examples from the articles and movies that I have. During my research I will focus on one particular point in each movie so that as a reader you will have a more defined understanding of my topic. There are also other sources that Ive used during my research to back up on my topic. Nowadays in society stereotypes in movies have altered a lot due to many people disagreeing and hating the way these stereotypes have shaped the opinions and impressions of black women. To begin with black women shouldnt to be treated unequally from white women, because whatever a white women can do a color women can do. I believe this because the color of your skin does not dictate what you can accomplish. This book shows that black women will make sacrifices and do anything for her family. Mammies No More, tells a story of how a black women worked more for the white family rather than her own. In the book it mentions that the mammy is a black women who focuses her time love, devotion..on white particularly her adopted white family, rather than her own (Anderson). This quote demonstrates that black women arent unreliable but instead are willing to make sacrifices that she deems necessary for the wellbeing of her family even if shes required to spend all their time on their work and less time with their family. Black women are stereotypically looked at negatively. Our society uses different names to describe them, which I believe shouldnt have any part of stereotyping women of color. Black Women Stereotypes in the Media, is a YouTube video that shows the many views of how black women are stereotyped in the media as, violent, argumentative, loud, less than a man, an object or possession, and having no self-control. The video encourages that black women should always be proud of who they are and have pride in the color of their skin regardless of what people think of them and not pay attention to the negative stereotypes that some people in our society have about them. In the article Black Women on Screen as Future Text, the author Nina Cartier describes how the impression of black women can change simply by her name regardless of her physical appearance. In Cartiers article she stated that new perspectives on black womens representations in the form of Kerry Washington who plays the role of Olivia Pope from Scandal and Nicki Minaj who is often called and described as black Barbie. With the changing in representation of black women within our society we eliminate some stereotypes while at the same time creating new ones. For instance we have Madea an older violent yet righteous black women who holds family and respect to the highest of expectations. This character was created and played by Tyler Perry, people prefer him to play the role as Madea because of what the character believes in and how she behaves no matter how misguided or misunderstood she can be. And although the name Madea isnt a traditional name it doesnt come across and ghetto to give the character a negative first impression based off the black name stereotype. An opposing example of stereotyping by name is a television show called Martin. Where the main character Martin also plays the character of his female neighbor, Shanaynay. She is what would be the stereotypical outlandish ghetto person who has what would be considered as a ghetto name. Some black women in our society were not raised by their mother, and were not taught how to appropriately conduct themselves. African Americans are judged on a day to day basis by the way in which they carry themselves in public and the media. It would be just to believe that women carry themselves in a manner on how they want to live. In the article Mentoring and Mothering Black Femininity the author focuses on black women and how they are judged by their body, voice and images. Societys stereotype of African American women exploits problems that anybody could have and applies them to black women, almost singling them out as the only people to have those problems which is indeed not the case. The movie Precious is about a 16 year old girl who was raped by her father and had two kids. The film goes further into her life and how her mother thinks that getting an education is pointless and wont do anything for her. What this film is doing is revealing the hardships some young women live in, in this case the life of living in a bad neighborhood while being a single teenage mother without a support system. In the world that we live in today there are indeed black women who dont have a job and live off welfare to survive. The stereotype in society is that black women account for the greatest percentage of people who are on welfare, but in all actuality white people make up the greatest percentage of people who receive welfare. But because the media subjects our society to black people being ghetto, living in the hood, and poor African Americans are the ones who receive the negative stereotypes and assumptions. I think the movie the The Color Purple reveals the many of the stereotypes black women face. The movie is about a black woman living down south who faces adversity on a regular basis. She goes through abuse and as if that isnt enough the problems that she encounters in her life only goes from bad to worse. Yet the film manages to shed a positive light on the character as a strong determined black women, as she perseveres her dream of one day being able to meet her sister again. Black women face and overcome adversities that others may not understand and comprehend but some people in our modern culture will still manage to avoid looking at the good side of African American women and instead continue to stereotype and discriminate African American women. In our society today the value of a black women isnt equivalent to the value of a white women, and as irrational as that idea is it is proven that there are people who believe such a thought is true. As if what a white woman has to offer is any more valuable than what a black women has to offer especially if that women of color comes has the same background if not better as that of a white women. The Help, is about a southern college girl who dreamed of being a writer and decided to interview the black women in a town located in Mississippi during the 1960s who had spent their lives taking care of white families. What this movie shows is the stereotype and the belief that white women hold more value than that of an African American women. Because the girl who wishes to be a writer is interviewing black women who take care of white families and why a white woman at the time wouldnt be doing the things that they do which ultimately lead them to do better things and change their lives. In the movie Dairy of a Mad Black Woman Charles an abusive husband announces to his wife Helen that he was ending their marriage. And through a lot of rage and emotion Helens reaction was to destroy some of his stuff. That in itself is one of the stereotypes that is placed upon all black women is that they are loud, irrational, and out of control. In many of the films that cast black women they have them play loud emotionally charged characters that arent taken as seriously because of their witty banter and outlandish antics. And to put it in comparison there arent as many films that cast black actresses who play more serious roles as well as successful roles. There are many stereotypical roles that are given to and played by black actresses in movies which have shaped the perception of public about black women in our culture. Our black women in our society who are just as equal to anyone else and who encounter the same trials in everyday life are much more than maids, prostitutes, and struggling mothers. Which is exactly how the media projects them to their audience whether thats through movies, television shows, and advertisements. Many people despise these stereotypes needless to say the black female population being the greatest population of those who believe these stereotypes are unfairly projected on those who they dont apply. And only through actively trying to get society to realize that these stereotypes are inaccurate, unfair, and in some cases hurtful will the current stereotypes that exist begin to be eliminated.

Problems Faced By Overpopulation And The Human Race Essay

Overpopulation, it is one of the biggest problems our society faces today, it has the potential to cause devastating effects to the earth and the human race. In 1978 Thomas Robert Malthus published a paper on population growth, it set a foundation for many arguments that are still being discussed to this day. The problems outlined by Malthus are still a major problem, along with an abundance of other overpopulation problems. To most of these problems there is a short-term solution, while good in the near future new problems will continue to rise. That is the main problem with overpopulation, the only way to curb this problem is to have everybody take action against this problem before it is too late. There are a few current long-term that are theorized to work, there are two main ones thought to be viable. Space colonization is the most futuristic one of them all because it would take many years to create the technology for space colonization, this would take hundreds of years pull o ff put it would allow for more growth and expansion. Another solution would be family planning and genetic testing, this would take less time to implement into our family systems and help further control on our population. Problems of overpopulation today may seem small but in the future, it will have a major impact on thousands of lives. Most of the time when a person thinks of overpopulation the first thought that comes to mind is overcrowding. While there are many other issues withShow MoreRelatedOverpopulation1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that it will lead to the downfall of the human race, while others think it is beneficial to continue on this path. The ongoing debate on world overpopulation allows many different people to offer their unique opinions, such as Erle C. 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Swift state’s that the children should be â€Å"seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth dayRead MoreEssay On Overpopulation1030 Words   |  5 PagesHuman overpopulation occurs when the ecological footprint of a human population in a specific location exceeds the carrying capacity of the place occupied by that group. Overpopulation can further be viewed, in a long term perspective, as existing when a population cannot be maintained given the rapid depletion of nonrenewable resources or given the degradation of the of the environment to give support to the population. Overpopulation is a problem that needs to be solved. Concern about overpopulationRead MoreEffects of Climate Change Essay1095 Words   |  5 Pagesmore severe problems, as what illegal immigration causes. 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This continual predicament needs to be corrected by intensified human productive abilities and a global law that will stimulate positive outcomes acrossRead MoreFamily Life Is A Utopia969 Words   |  4 Pages: By definition, a utopia is a place without any problems. In my view, it is a place where every person is equal. Now by no means am I advocating for the removal of social classes and money, as is present in a Communist society. Instead, I believe a utopia is a place where everyone is accepted, regardless of their skin color, sexual orientation, or other factors that are completely out of their control. Therefore, people live in harmo ny. 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Unfortunately, as the world faces agricultural problems such as: p rice increases, overpopulation, and climate change, attaining food has proven to become more difficult. Food crises are issues that have plagued humans across the globe currently and historically. What makes this particular topic importantRead MoreForced Sterilization And Its Effects On Society1711 Words   |  7 Pagesanything from human sterilization, reproductive genetic technologies (RGT), selective breeding, restrictions on marriage and withholding assistance from the poor and sick. All of this effort is exerted to protect society from the unfit, inferior and ultimately to improve the quality of the gene pool (Camporesi, 2015). Historical perspective After Charles Darwin published his book â€Å"On the origins of species† in 1859, evolution became a hot topic of discussion; the notion of the human race improvingRead MoreThe Survival Instinct in A Long Way Gone and Blood Brothers1106 Words   |  5 Pages Since the beginning of time, every species has been faced with their greatest trial in life: survival. Humans as a species have become masters of defying death. Even faced with overpopulation, itself the result of successfully defying death and sure catalyst to the downfall of a population, we as a species have nevertheless learned to cope and continue to reproduce and thrive. As individuals, each human being possesses one of the greatest wills for survival in our natural world.

Differences between Iroquois and Pueblo Indians free essay sample

Penn was born on October 14th, 1644 and died in July 30th 1 718. As a Quaker, he was a supporter of religious freedom and democracy. As a result of his different religious views in England, he was expelled from the church. In 1677, he became one of the founding fathers of the city of Philadelphia helping in its planning and development. Quakers (Society of Friends): the Quakers lived in the mid 17th century in England. Many who did not want to follow the Christian Church because they had different spiritual and religious beliefs formed the group.They believed n their inner light, which they believed to come directly from God. In order to follow their beliefs comfortably Quakers immigrated to America in the sasss. There they established in Rhode Island and Pennsylvania which tolerated Quakers. Metal: also called Metronome, King Philip, or Philip of Pocketed, was an intertribal leader of the Womans and Narragansett. He was born in 1 639 and died on the 12th august, 1676. He assumed the position of leader of the clan after his father Mastitis died and his older brother the following year.He became the leader of the Womans in King Phillips War against English Illinois in New England. Glorious Revolution: also called the Revolution of 1 688, resulted in the overthrow of James II and the assent of his daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband, William Ill of Orange. After the accession pajamas II in 1685, his acceptance to Roman Catholicism alienated the majority of the population. This led William Ill to successfully invade England with a Dutch fleet and army, which led him to the English throne. The revolution lastingly ended any chance Of Catholicism becoming re-established in England.History of American People to 1877 Mr. . Haggard Iroquois and Pueblo Indian Similarities and Differences in the Colonization Era The pueblo Indians were the descendants of ancient villagers who had been settled in present day Arizona. After developing their settlements for over three thousand years a decline of these communities occurred probably because Of drought. The survivors moved to the south and east and in these areas they progressed as they developed their communities and perfected their techniques of desert farming, irrigation systems to provide water for corn, beans, and cotton.They received the name of Pueblo Indians by the Spanish because when they arrived, these groups of Native Americans lived in small villages, or pueblos. The Pueblo Indians of the southwest were the first to be confronted by Europeans and their long lasting invasion. However, around 1 680, the Pueblo Indians revolted against the Spanish and they expelled them for about 12 years. Five main peoples, the Choctaw, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga formed the Iroquois. These five groups consolidated the Great League of Peace, which was created to bring stability to the area.The Iroquois Were constantly moving geographically, they were known as being Strong in Attlee and that is why they were one of the few Native Indians who survived the colonial invasion. Beginning in 1609, the Iroquois were forced to engage in war against the French, their Huron allies and other tribes. These wars were mainly the consequence of the battle of controlling the fur trade and land. Pueblo Indian peoples were farmers in tradition, but as each of the Pueblo villages were in different demographic areas, the crops that were harvested were different.These crops were mostly corn, beans, and squash and these were stored for two or three years depending on the seasons. The Pueblo people hunted deer and antelope in the mountains and in other villages that were closer to the plains they hunted bison. In all Pueblo Indian societies, rabbit was an abundant source of proteins. The Iroquois on the other hand, had some similarities and differences from the Pueblo Indians in the farming and hunting practices. Iroquois people were farmers, fishers, hunters but their main source of food was through farming.Just like the Pueblo Indians, the Iroquois most cultivated crops were corn, beans and squash and they were also stored for later consumption. Concerning hunting, the differences re more notable. The Iroquois hunted mostly deer but they also sought beavers and muskrats in the winter. As they were located close to the river, they also had improved their ability to catch various types of fish. The Pueblo Indian society was matrilineal in most cases, but differed in some, where in a few villages patrimonial clans existed, and males owned houses and land.Women did most of the farming while men were in charge of the hunting. However, as hunting importance was reduced men also started to have a role in agriculture. Iroquois and Pueblo Indians role of women in their society, was similar in which they were both matrilineal, that they had the task to cultivate the land, and raise the children. However, in Iroquois society, women had more power, where they could choose to divorce their husband and order him to live the home with his belongings. Women also had the right to keep the children if a couple separated. The Iroquois established the Great Law of Designated, which gave equality to both sexes. In their society the women were the ones who elected the chief of their village and were also the ones who could remove him from his position. The Iroquois had their main prophet, Designated, who they thought brought peace to the people. Their beliefs about creation were that in a supernatural way, spirits were integrated into the natural world. Their myth said that a girl in the spirit world who became pregnant without having intercourse had a vision that she had to uproot a tree so she would be able to see the underworld.As she does that, she falls to the natural world. As a result Of their belief that the spiritual world was up in the heavens, the Iroquois first let their dead to be eaten by birds but after they begin to remake the corpses so that their souls would go up to the pure, spirit world. In the other hand, according to the Pueblo Indians creation myth, they were guided by their God and climbed up through a hole in the earth into the sunlight. These people suffered many tragedies and misfortunes until God guided them to fertile land where they could finally settle down.Pueblo people made ceremonies that took place in underground chamber, where they would practice rituals to cure diseases or to ask their God for good weather. They were also devoted to nature; they had rituals where they quest nature for fertility and successful hunts and seasons. Just like the Iroquois they both had the myth that God had sent his twin sons to the natural world to create a balance with dualism. The Iroquois people were one of the latest natives to have had encounters with the Europeans. This gave them way to develop more stable communities successfully. Since the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas, the Iroquois had developed a trading system which helped them acquire goods which were totally new to them. For example: knives and other hunting objects which made them more efficient. They had advanced armory and tools compared to other tribes but when it came to fighting with the Europeans, their chances were slim. The French had cutting-edge weaponry like armor made of metal, firearms, while the Iroquois had wooden armor and fought with bows and arrow, and other more traditional weapons.Even though they were known to have been strong in battle, when they had to confront the Europeans and their other Indian tribes, there was another aspect which made their battle even harder, diseases. Europeans had already been fighting against diseases such as smallpox, influenza and others, for which they had developed an immunity to them and also had ways to cure them. When they finally had contact with each other, these diseases started to s pread with the killing bacteria. On the other hand, the Iroquois, who had no knowledge Of these diseases nor an immune system that could fight them, encountered themselves with an epidemic die-off of their people. The confrontations with the Europeans changed their ways of life because they had to find other ways to have stable communities. The Pueblo Indians, who had been in contact with the Spanish for a much anger period of time, were part of a society in which the Europeans had strong influence. The Spanish had subjugated the natives and forced them to adopt Christianity as their religion.The power of the Spanish was very recognizable when they started to imprison and torture Pueblo Indians if they did not follow their rules. Nevertheless, the Spanish introduced farming and hunting techniques which helped the Indian communities grow and develop more rapidly. For three generations, native were oppressed until a leader named Pope organized a revolt against the Spanish. This rebellion was called he Pueblo Revolt. When it happened thousands of Indians joined forces and battled and forced the Spanish out of their territory, which they accomplished.After the expulsion of the Europeans, they restored their religious institutions, beliefs and more importantly established independence of their villages and pueblos. While Iroquois and Pueblo Indian natives had many different views politically, religiously, socially and economically, they were both societies in which nature was devoted and revered. They lived of the land and this connected them to the Earth and its seasons greatly. They were spiritual people who believed that spirits had an important part in their lives and that they lived among them and saw their actions.

What Doesnt Kill Us Makes Us Stronger free essay sample

Pain and suffering are constant throughout life; misfortunes that we just have to learn to deal with. Situations when we have to keep our heads held high, stay confident and never give up. It is in these tough times that we must look at the bright side, focus on what we can gain out of the challenging position in which we find ourselves in. We have to stop in a world that never pauses. We have to freeze in an ever flowing waterfall. We have to disembark a never slowing train; we have to step back and find a positive, no matter how hard that may seem. Long ago, Friedrich Nietzsche stated, â€Å"That which does not kill us makes us stronger. † Now more commonly worded as, â€Å"What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger,† it is a quote both known and referred to by many around the world; I included. When faced with a struggle in life, we as a human race turn to a coping mechanism; whatever that may be. We will write a custom essay sample on What Doesnt Kill Us Makes Us Stronger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And for some, their way of dealing with what is occurring in their life is to turn to the words of others; to find support and motivation in another’s voice. The words that Friedrich Nietzsche spoke are powerful. Through them, many have been impacted, inspired and encouraged; driven to keep going and not to give up. When unpacked, this quote can make a difference in a hurting one’s life. The thoughts and ideas that are aroused when this saying is really thought about are meaningful, moving and motivating. For many, it is these words that have pulled them through. When I initially look at or hear the words, â€Å"What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger,† my brain automatically advances to disprove the statement. Immediately, I find myself generating instances in which what hasn’t killed me has made me weaker. ‘What about this? How on Earth did that make me stronger? ’ I find myself asking. I succumb to human nature, seeking out the negatives in an originally positive message. However, when I actually stop and analyse, think about and break apart these words, they bring to me great motivation. The longer I ponder them and the deeper I dig down, the more positive meanings I develop and gain. The encouragement I pull and acquire from it is invaluable. It isn’t just a surface saying, if you scratch away at Friedrich’s words and enter within them, you will find much, much more. You will discover a new definition, a new understanding, a new view. When I dig down into and pick apart the statement, â€Å"What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger,† it brings to my thoughts reason to be positive. To me this phrase is ultimately saying that anything we can get through that we don’t die from, we have something to gain from. Whatever fails to wipe us out, whatever we manage to battle through and come out of on the other side of, we have something to learn from, something to take away, something profit. The conflicts and hardships that we overcome have benefits that make us stronger. It could be a lesson, moral or principle learnt that contributed to making you stronger. Or perhaps through your experience you discovered more about who you are as a person. Your situation might have built up your resilience to tough times, strengthened your ability to block things out or even improved your understanding and insight for the objects and people around you. Whatever it may be it is quite obvious to me that what doesn’t kill us makes us stronger, even if we don’t realise it, and even if the amount by which we strengthen is unnoticeable. â€Å"That which does not kill us makes us stronger. For everyone who looks at these nine words, what they get from them will be different. There are an infinity of possible meanings to devise, each one unique and personal. For me, this statement provides positivity, tells me that no matter how hard things are, there is going to be at least one small benefit at the end of it, no matter how small it be. In life we just have to keep going, giving up and quitting are never options. As humans we need support to pull us through the tough, and for me that is this: â€Å"Whatever does not kill me makes me stronger. †

Free Essays on Third Party Mediation Cyprus

Third Party Mediation In The Cyprus Problem â€Å"let us suggest an alternative. There is nothing to gain by stretching the conflict for another generation†¦We will have to bury our dead, they will have to bury their dead and we will end up with the same topography, the same demography, the same problems on the table and it will open a way towards Kosovo-Belfast type situation which we don’t need† What exactly is meant by mediation? â€Å"A process which is aimed attaining a settlement with the help of mediators† The European Union The European Union in not considered a direct or active mediator in the attempts to reach a settlement regarding Cyprus, but has become a major player in the negotiations due to the desire of Cyprus (Greek-Cyprus) to become a member of the European Union. Cyprus has enjoyed close relations with the EU economically, politically, and socially. An EU report on Cyprus in 2000 stated the relationship in due to an â€Å"Association Agreement of 1973 and also a newer Accession partnership which is financially possible by EC council regulation no 555/2000 dated march 13 2000. The European Union only recognizes the Greek Cypriot administration as the legitimate government of the republic of Cyprus. When â€Å"Cyprus† applied for membership into the European Union, the Greek Cypriot government applied on behalf of the both sides. The Helsinki summit in Dec 1999 has linked the Cyprus issue to the inclusion of Turkey as a member of the EU. The Helsinki declaration says that Turkey must support the UN secretary General in efforts to resolve the Cyprus conflict. This concealed pressure was the reasoning behind Rauf Denktas inviting Greek Cypriot Clerdes to direct talks in December of 2001, interestingly enough after Denktas was on record in November of 2000 as saying there was â€Å"no point to stay on the negotiation table† after the â€Å"non-paper proposal† by The UN Secretary General. Turkey pr... Free Essays on Third Party Mediation Cyprus Free Essays on Third Party Mediation Cyprus Third Party Mediation In The Cyprus Problem â€Å"let us suggest an alternative. There is nothing to gain by stretching the conflict for another generation†¦We will have to bury our dead, they will have to bury their dead and we will end up with the same topography, the same demography, the same problems on the table and it will open a way towards Kosovo-Belfast type situation which we don’t need† What exactly is meant by mediation? â€Å"A process which is aimed attaining a settlement with the help of mediators† The European Union The European Union in not considered a direct or active mediator in the attempts to reach a settlement regarding Cyprus, but has become a major player in the negotiations due to the desire of Cyprus (Greek-Cyprus) to become a member of the European Union. Cyprus has enjoyed close relations with the EU economically, politically, and socially. An EU report on Cyprus in 2000 stated the relationship in due to an â€Å"Association Agreement of 1973 and also a newer Accession partnership which is financially possible by EC council regulation no 555/2000 dated march 13 2000. The European Union only recognizes the Greek Cypriot administration as the legitimate government of the republic of Cyprus. When â€Å"Cyprus† applied for membership into the European Union, the Greek Cypriot government applied on behalf of the both sides. The Helsinki summit in Dec 1999 has linked the Cyprus issue to the inclusion of Turkey as a member of the EU. The Helsinki declaration says that Turkey must support the UN secretary General in efforts to resolve the Cyprus conflict. This concealed pressure was the reasoning behind Rauf Denktas inviting Greek Cypriot Clerdes to direct talks in December of 2001, interestingly enough after Denktas was on record in November of 2000 as saying there was â€Å"no point to stay on the negotiation table† after the â€Å"non-paper proposal† by The UN Secretary General. Turkey pr...

Top 6 Key Questions to Ask at Your Next Job Interview

Top 6 Key Questions to Ask at Your Next Job Interview You got the interview!  Things are going well. You’ve smoothly discussed your performance points, you’ve glossed over That Incident We’d All Like to Leave Behind, and you’ve been making eye contact like a pro. Suddenly, the interviewer asks you if you have any questions. â€Å"Oh ho,† you think. â€Å"The interviewee has become the interviewer!† But in the moment, you start to feel a bit of inward panic. You’ve focused so fully on answering any question that could possibly be thrown your way, and now you’re drawing a bit of a blank. The best way to avoid that deer-in-headlights moment in an interview is to be prepared. Ahead of the interview, think of a set of questions to have on hand no matter how the discussion shakes out. If possible, work them in organically during the interview (without seeming too Barbara Walters about it). If they don’t really fit with the flow of the conversation, hold them until the end when y ou might well have an open floor.1. â€Å"How has this position evolved?†This one can give you a sense of how the company sees this role- and, potentially, you. If this is a role that has expanded or updated with each person that has held it, that’s a good indicator that it is a growth position. If it has stayed more or less the same over time, it could be that there is not much room for you to a) make it your own or b) advance beyond a certain point. Not necessarily a dealbreaker, depending on your perspective, but definitely something to be aware of as you go into it.RELATED:  Crush your Next Job Interview with These 12 Questions2. â€Å"In the first year, what is the highest priority for this position?†Five-year plans (a common interview and career subject) are all well and good, but the first year in a position could make or break it for you. Knowing the immediate plans for this role can tell you whether this is where you really want to be. After all, the company’s goals for the position will become your goals if you end up taking the job, so it would be helpful to know as early as possible whether the initial priorities are ones that seem manageable to you and likely to be a challenge.3. â€Å"In this position, how would I be working with my manager?†Speaking of things that can make or break your new job, your boss might be the most important one. We all have management styles to which we respond well- and ones that make us want to run screaming for the nearest exit. The answer to this question can let you know whether you’ll be working shoulder-to-shoulder with your manager, or if he or she expects you to take a ball and run with it, with minimal input or hand-holding.4. â€Å"What are the biggest challenges in this role?†Just like you present the best parts of yourself in your resume and the interview, the employer wants to present the best parts of this job to prospective employees. There is likely mor e to the job than the bare-bones job description, and now is your chance to get some of that extra context if the interviewer hasn’t already offered that information.5. â€Å"What is a typical day like in this role?†If you’ll be spending most of your day on particular tasks, this question can help you figure out whether that will work for you. For example, if you hate fielding phone calls, but it turns out that 75% of this job is working the phones, this is crucial information to have. This can also help you figure out what the priorities will be for the position and help you shape any subsequent answers around that information to show that you would be a good fit for that daily routine.6. â€Å"Is there anything else I can provide to help you make this decision?†This is a good grand finale question once the interview is winding down. It shows you’re proactive and keenly interested in the position, for starters and also gives you a chance to clarif y any vagueness or confusion on the interviewer’s part.Asking questions in your interview is key. It demonstrates that you’re paying attention and are engaged in the process. And by asking smart ones on the spot, tailored specifically to the job description and your pre-interview research on the company, you show the interviewer that you’re a better-prepared candidate than someone who either doesn’t speak up or who ignores the useful opportunity to ask counter-questions.

Joan of Arc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Joan of Arc - Essay Example It is in north eastern part of France. Joan of Arc went through several challenges at a young age. The major turning point in the life of Joan of Arc was being sworn in a prestigious army. During the year 1400, the Dauphin army men were regarded as respected and esteemed individuals within the society. Some of the beneficial factors of Joan of Arc, which sparked after joining army, were informative visions and growing military ideas. The real name of Joan of Arc was Jehanne Romee. Joan of Arc did not get the real name because being unsure of taking surname of mother and father. The voices of catholic saints have exposed Joan of Arc to be much stronger at a premature age. The opinion of the lady was swift aside after arrival at Vaucoluleurs. Joan was send back home. But courage and persistence allowed Joan to join Dauphin army at an early age. Joan predicted the location of sword and took army to Sainte-Catherine (Cunningham, 2002). The fortress of Saint Loup was captured on May 4. The French army was led by Joan of Arc. This astonishing capture of fortress revealed the mental strength and willpower of Joan. She was only 16 years of age during that point of time. After capturing first fortress, Joan of Arc marched to Saint Jean Le Blanc Fort. After arriving to the next city, Joan of Arc found out that all gates are barred and it is impossible task to get inside the city. But Joan and her entire army entered in to Orleans. The unthinkable task was made possible by Joan of Arc’s leadership process. Joan did not want to change their War strategy by ignoring the doors that were locked and barred. Joan was effective in the mission and entered in the direction, which was planned. Plans were supposed to be changed after looking at barred gates. But mental strength and hunger for success defines the heroicness of Joan. The withdrawal of English was more accelerated by capturing other two forts in Orleans. Joan m et Charles after

The Reform in the US Education System Assignment

The Reform in the US Education System - Assignment Example In this regard, the assignment intends to investigate the problem related to the given case study and identify changes required for implementing the same as well as explain the plan that would be used to bring about the change. It can be identified that the first goal is to increase the standard of all students in the nation and ensure their success. In this regard, the major stakeholders will be students, teachers, and administrations. It is important for each stakeholder to know about the goal as it would not be possible to attain the goal without the support from each other. The second goal is to incorporate technology into the education system. The stakeholders for this goal will include students, teachers, and administrations. Accordingly, the current era is driven by constant evolution and hence these stakeholders must reveal their understanding towards the changing educational system. Next goal is regarding comparability and equity. The stakeholders for this goal would include students, teachers, and administrations. It is equally important that all stakeholders are aware of the goal as it is pivotal that fairness and equality are maintained in the education system without any discrimination. In the similar context, developing career-ready standard is another important goal, which needs to be focused upon in order to ensure positive reform in the education system, Accordingly, the teachers, students, and administrations will be the stakeholders and the goals is important for them as it would enable them to determine the path in which students are moving (Gardner & Mendoza, 2010). Finally, promoting innovation in the education system is another important aspect of the changes that need to be brought in order to eliminate the gaps associated with the current education system. Students, teachers, and administration will be the major stakeholders.

Fair Value Accounting Essay Example for Free

Fair Value Accounting Essay Topic: To what extent is â€Å"Fair Value Accounting† an effective method in measuring the values of financial instruments in financial statement? In recent years, the breakout of global financial crisis has raised controversial debates about whether or not fair value accounting (FVA) is an effective method in measuring the values of financial instruments (Laux Leuz, 2009). As two main accounting standards around the world, both International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and US Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) have adopted FVA as an accounting method to judge the values of some financial instruments (Mala and Chand, 2011). This essay will argue that although FVA can provide timely and transparent price information to the users of accounting information in some cases, there are potential problems of FVA in measuring the values of financial instruments on account of unreliable evaluation models, biased prices in inefficient markets and a negative price contagion effect. There are three main parts in this essay. Firstly, it will give the definition of FVA and then it will analyze why the effectiveness of FVA may be limited from three aspects, namely unreliable evaluation models, biased prices in inefficient markets and a negative price contagion effect. At last, it will consider the pros of FVA regarding the timely and transparent information it provides in some cases and analyze the pros. According to Financial Accounting Standards 157, fair value accounting can be defined as â€Å"an accounting method to measure the values of assets and liabilities based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date†. That is to say, FVA relies on the actual market prices of the financial instruments and records the exact market prices on the financial statements. In fact, FVA replaces historical cost accounting (HCA) with the development of accounting standards (Boyer, 2007). Compared with FVA, historical cost accounting can be described as an accounting measurement of values based on the original or historical cost when the company got the assets or liabilities. For example, a company bought a stock for 50 pounds last year. In this year, the price of the stock increases to 100 pounds. Under FVA, the company should record the value of  the stock at 100 pounds this year while 50 pounds will be recognized under HCA. As the replaced FVA has been regarding as accelerating the global financial crisis, it draws a lot of attention in respect of its potential weaknesses in the accounting field. Firstly, the model to estimate fair values of financial instruments in illiquid markets seems to have insufficient reliability (Laux Leuz 2009 and Mala Chand 2011). If the markets for the identical or similar financial instruments whose values need to be evaluated are active, the available prices can be used to evaluate the fair values of them (Laux Leuz 2009). However, if the markets do not exist, which means the the markets are inactive or illiquid, the fair evaluation model is needed to estimate the fair value of the financial instruments (Ball 2006). Specifically speaking, the model to evaluate fair values of financial instruments rely on the future cash flow of the financial instruments and borrowing rate of the company. The future cash flow can be described as the future cash inflow (income) and outflow (expense) brought by the financial instruments whilst the borrowing rate of a company can be considered as the cost of capital which can be invested in other investments rather than the financial instruments. The users of the evaluation model should firstly predict the future cash flow of the financial instruments and then use the borrowing rate of the company to calculate the present fair values. Ljiri (2005) states that using model to estimate the values of financial instruments provides significant discretionary power to the users and gives uncertainty, which may influence the objectivity of the valuation of financial instruments. Indeed, the same financial instrument could be evaluated differently on account of different estimation of future cash flows and distinct borrowing rate. Because the users of the evaluation model have the power to forecast the future cash flow, different users may have distinct estimations of the same financial instrument based on their perspectives of its future profitability. In addition, different companies may have different borrowing rates due to distinct industries involved. Thus, the above two uncertain factors affects the objectivity of the fair evaluation of the financial instruments, which limits the reliability of the evaluation model. Secondly, the inefficient markets could distort prices, which has a negative effect on the basis of FVA (Laux Leuz 2009). An inefficient market can be defined as a market in which the prices of financial instruments can not be measured accurately due to the inefficient information it provides (Aboody et. al 2002). Additionally, Lim and Brooks (2010) review the empirical literature about the evolution of market efficiency over time and find that the market cannot be always efficient and market inefficiency can be easily caused by investor irrationality and liquidity problems. That is to say, the market prices of financial instruments could be distorted by biased behaviors of investors, such as overconfidence or overreaction to a stock, and liquidity problems, such as illiquid market for a long-term bond. What’s more, the distorted prices can not reflect the real values of financial instruments, which makes FVA lose the reliable basis to measure the fair value of financial instruments. Therefore, the biased prices in the inefficient markets tend to the appropriateness of fair evaluation of financial instruments. Thirdly, Laux and Leuz (2009) argues that FVA could enforce negative price contagion in the financial markets, which has been considered as the main cause of rapid spread of global financial crisis. It is argued that FVA has stimulated the financial crisis in a vicious spiral and leading to the spread and depth of the financial crisis (Begtsoon 2011, Allen and Carletti 2007, Appelbaum 2009 and Jones 2009). To be specific, after financial crisis broke out, the liquidity of financial instruments’ markets dried up, which means very few trades of the financial instruments existed in the markets (Begtsoon 2011). As a result, the market pricing mechanism became dysfunctional because the prices should be evaluated from very few trades, which resulted in low prices of financial instruments (ibid). In turn, the low prices put pressure on the financial statements of some financial institutions in terms of assets depreciation under FVA (Allen Carletti 2008). In order to keep capital requirements, the financial institutions had no choice but to sell assets at low prices, which led to lower prices of financial instruments in the markets and stimulated further assets depreciation on other financial instruments’ financial statements under FVA  (Plantin et al. 2008a). To sum up, the prices in the market could negatively influence the evaluation of financial instruments under FVA and at the same time, the evaluation of financial instruments under FVA could have a further negative effect on the market prices, which forms a vicious circle that can speed up the price contagion and fluctuations. Nevertheless, supporters of FVA believe that FVA can provide transparent and timely information for the users of accounting information (Brown 2008). As Hughes (2009) says, the function of FVA is â€Å"like that of the thermometer-it mirrors reality, it does not create it†. Since FVA can reflect what is happening in the market on the financial statements immediately, it allows the information users to get easy access to the most timely and transparent market information. In addition, Hinks (2009) argues that the useful information provided by FVA allows the investors and regulators to approach to the up-to-date position of financial institutions and encourage them to make corrective decisions. Indeed, it cannot be denied that FVA can provide prompt and transparent price information in some cases. However, it is not always the case which contributes FVA to an effective measurement to value financial instruments. First of all, in an illiquid or inefficient market for some financial instruments, even if FVA could provide timely price information of the financial instruments, the timely information provided is unreliable, which leads to the uselessness of the timely and transparent information provided by FVA. Secondly, even though the financial instruments have an active or efficient market, FVA cannot result in increased transparency of information in financial statements as expected (Krumwiede 2008). Thirdly, under FVA, timely price information would lead to volatility of financial statements (Barth 2004). The continuous volatility of financial statements causes confusion for the users of accounting information and raises the company’s cost to keep accounts. Hence, although FVA could offer some timely and transparent information to the users, these information limits to some extent because of unreliable information, limited transparency and volatility of financial statements. In conclusion, this essay has discussed three aspects limiting the effectiveness of FVA to measure the values of financial instruments, including evaluation model, inefficient markets and price contagion effect. In addition, it also considers the pros of FVA in terms of timely and transparent information provided in some cases. It can be concluded that even though up-to-date and transparent information could be provided by FVA occasionally, the effectiveness of FVA to measure the values of financial instruments has been limited due to the unreliable evaluation model, distorted prices in inefficient markets and a negative price contagion effect. Because of word limit, this essay cannot cover the detailed application of FVA to specific kind of financial instrument. However, the above discussion can clearly show that FVA has some general problems in measuring the values of financial instruments. Based on above analysis, it can be suggested that the problematic aspects of FVA could be improved or revised by providing more clear explanation and more specific regulations by the constitutors of accounting standards and for some specific financial instruments with illiquid or inefficient markets, it is better to use some other methods to measure their values.

Walt Whitman :: essays research papers

Walt Whiteman though himself out to be the poet of American democracy. His poetry described an america where the future had already begun. Whitman believed every individual had as much dignity, and inmportance as anyone else. No job was considered to small or insubordinate. He believed that in order to reach their full potential, people had to break down the barriers that seperated them from others and from parts of their own being. He enciouraged things that made people less embarassed and mroe outgoing. Whitman was the kind of poet who follows his own bent, in spite of his misunderstanding. He found supporters among the leading writers of his time and was gradually recognized as the first great poet of new age. In "i am one of the nation" Whitman wrote, "I am of old and young, of foolish, and of wise, and stuffed with the stuff that is find. One of the natrions the smallest, the same, and the largest, the same." After reading this, I notice Walt Whitman is talking about being equal. People are all equal and together we make up an equal nation. He also wrote " the runaway slave came to my house, and stepped inside...and went where he sat on a log and led him in and assured him, brought him water, filled a tub for his sweated body, and bruised feet, and gave him a room that entered minem and gave him coarse clean clothes. I had him sit next to me at table" This shoes that Walt Whitman believes everyone is equal and deserves equal tretment and respect. He believes in everything he writes about. In a march in the ranks hand pressed" Whitman says "at my feet more dinstinctlively a so;dier, a meere lad in danger of bleeding to death" when he said this, I niticed he did not say a black man or a white man, he was talking about the solidiers together, as equal indivuduals. In "when lilacls last in the dooryard bloomed" Whitman wrote this as al elegy.

Education and its effect on Life

Geting instruction is one of the most critical facets of a individuals life. It should be seen every bit critical as the air we breathe. The root to keeping a strong wisdom and being an extraordinary individual is larning. â€Å" Without instruction, you ‘re non traveling anyplace in this universe † is a celebrated quotation mark by Malcolm X. His quotation mark reiterates that the competitory universe makes it indispensable for us to hold a proper instruction since it will function as our arm to suppress the universe. Education will assist a individual grow as an person because a extremely knowing individual will hold a better clasp on managing any job that comes his or her manner. Literacy is the foundation of what we are as persons. Every determination we make, every bit good as our idea procedure, is the footing of what we know. Deriving cognition gives us pleasance every bit good as encouragements our morale. Education should be portion of everyone ‘s life bec ause it is one of the most cherished ownerships a individual could of all time hold since that can open doors and ease the tract for future accomplishment and economic successes. However, many Americans are faced with many hurdlings along the manner that they need to get the better of. One of the hurdlings that we encounter with instruction is the manner school is perceived by people. Americans have lost their desire to larn ; really frequently we hear phrases like, â€Å" school is tiring † or â€Å" school is a batch of work, † among pupils. Children in school today would much prefer to be someplace else. These pupils would instead be out with their friends or cavort around their place or anyplace but be in school. Now, when in school, they fail to retrieve the chief ground why they are at that place. Thus, many pupils avoid school and sometimes do non trouble oneself to demo up at all. Harmonizing to the U. S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics, for every twenty nine seconds, another pupil bails out on school. This comes to over one million American high school pupils ‘ retreating from school every twelvemonth. The deficiency of motive and household values, every bit good as pupil duty, has created this crisis in the instruction system. In add-on, deficient support of schools along with quality instructors that are retiring are some of the jobs we encounter in the instruction system. In some parts of the United States, there is a deficiency of equal entree to stuffs for reading and composing due to budget restraints. In Allen D. Kanner ‘s article, â€Å" Today ‘s Class Brought to You ByaˆÂ ¦ † he mentioned that with the babe boomers retiring, and a high turnover among new pedagogues, who are ordered to give direction on topics they are non decently trained for, are doing hard schoolroom state of affairss ( 280 ) . Similarly, Governor Jerry Brown ‘s statement last January 11 pointed out that K-12 instruction has ‘borne the brunt ‘ of the province ‘s budget cuts with more than $ 18 billion in cuts over the last three old ages. This resulted in larger category sizes, plans are cut, and over 30,000 pedagogues were laid away. These pedagogues are genuinely valuable to our c ommunity since they supply our kids with the information and the know-how that they can work with to better their fate and the fate of the whole existence. As a pupil, I have suffered the effects of ternary digit fee additions and the deficiency of available categories offered. The high cost of instruction has put the load non merely on the pupils, and many of their parents, but pedagogues, every bit good. Another major determiner that is partially responsible to the rational problems of Americans is poorness. Poverty is considered to be a serious at-risk factor, with more of the state ‘s kids confronting this quandary. Other determiners that may set these juvenile at-risk are unreliable vicinities, immature nonreader parents, unemployment along with deficient educational background. The phrase, â€Å" at-risk, † describes those kids, who are without a uncertainty, will neglect whether at school or life as a whole when sing their single state of affairss. In my experience while turning up, I noticed that pupils, who passed the fifth class and discontinue school to back up their household financially, are making a big uneducated labour force. Unfortunately, hapless households are more concerned with the basic necessities in life such as money and nutrient, instead than books to assist their head grow. Without money and resources needed, kids will go on to turn up to go anot her statistic of poorness. However, the fluctuation in the quality of instruction should non be dependent upon the wealth or deficiency thereof. Helping those destitute pupils will raise the degree of instruction available to them which in bend will let them to acquire a better paying occupation to better back up their households. On the other manus, it could be argued that Americans are non in serious rational problem because of the impact that engineering is making in our instruction system. If we take a expression at the history of instruction for the past 1000s of old ages, we may merely conceive of how personal computing machines could hold impacted the educational system. When proficient cognition and right acquisition constructions are combined, proficient cognition will construct up their scholastic accomplishment. One manner that proficient cognition can assist pupils larn is by maintaining more pupils interested in the capable affair for longer periods of clip. Teenss and their parents believe that entree to the Internet improves the societal life and academic work of adolescents. For them, the usage of the Internet, for case, plays a cardinal function in their bonding with their friends, their households and their schools. Many younger people today are hooked to computing machines and advanced engin eering. This captivation may maintain them at a computing machine terminus larning about some topic instead than staying interested in a book or a talk. Technology in the instruction system has shaped the pupils and pedagogues in several practical techniques, among other things ocular field trips, proving tips, teacher resources, category web sites, and lesson programs. Adoption of engineering in schoolrooms should be foreseen as an plus instead than as a liability. Furthermore, state-of-the-art engineering must be available at schools in destitute vicinities since engineering can assist better their instruction system. Therefore, the significance of larning should ne'er be taken for granted. For illustration, an attention-getting definition of instruction in Wikipedia provinces, â€Å" Education encompasses both the instruction and acquisition of cognition, proper behavior, and proficient competence. † The higher the instruction a individual has, the greater opportunities of that individual set downing a better-paying occupation. With instruction, a individual can hold a successful life. It can supply people with information and cognition for acquiring a occupation and pursing their dreams. â€Å" Knowledge is power † says the famed painter Francis Bacon. Although, knowledge entirely is non plenty for person to win in life ; a individual should besides hold the accomplishments to be a leader, to be extremely educated and ne'er leave at the sight of a job. Educated people are looked upon for counsel. Education is besides your manner to your success. An ideal instruction will non be pos sible if one of these three constituents is losing ; they are: parents, pedagogues and pupils. The pupil, the parent, and the pedagogue should ever cabal to develop and set up a unflawed academic program. I genuinely believe that my success is dependent on the picks that I make in life and the people that influence me turning up.

Manage Operational Plan Essay

1.List some of the details outlined in an operational plan. An operational plan, also known as an action plan, is derived from an organisation’s strategic plan. It is a more concrete, detailed document that outlines how the strategic plans of an organisation will be achieved in practice. It includes projects to be undertaken, actions, resource policies, responsibilities and timeframes. It outlines the actions teams/individuals within an organisation will take to achieve its objectives and also outlines any major projects within the relative time period. An operational plan will contain details of: †¢Organisational structure †¢Short- or medium-term business strategies †¢Major projects †¢Available resources (including human and physical resources, also financial) †¢Performance targets †¢Responsibilities for actions †¢Timeframes for projects, goals and evaluations †¢Contingency measures 2.Broad consultation with other members of the organisation, from team members to senior management, is a good way to contribute to the success of operational planning. When, in the planning cycle, should it be carried out? What outcomes would you be looking to achieve from this process? Consultation is a key element in the development of an operational plan and it is imperative in ensuring the details of the plan, the resource allocations and the timelines set are realistic, relevant and achievable. Consultation should be an ongoing process, right from the beginning and throughout the entirety of the operational plan. Consultation can be achieved in many ways, both formally, using such tools as information sessions, meetings, workshops, focus groups, one-on-one interviews, feedback mechanisms or communication mechanisms; or informally, by relying on personal relationships and informal conversations with other stakeholders. Use of these techniques should be scheduled to occur before the operational plan is put to action, but they should not stop there. As planning progresses, it is important to consult with stakeholders to seek further  input and, for those that have major contributions, to gather feedback. As plans come to fruition and projects commence, it is important to constantly seek feedback and input, in order to monitor, evaluate and refine the planning processes and the actions undertaken. The next important step of the consultation process, once feedback has been gathered, is to use the information effectively and communicate this back to the relevant stakeholders. When stakeholders see the positive flow-on effects of feedback they have offered, it makes them more likely to offer quality contributions the next time they are asked. This creates an open and flowing cycle of communication and feedback throughout the entire planning process, which leads to a highly monitored plan, formed through consultation with relevant stakeholders. This regular feedback enables the organisation and those managing the operational planning, to evaluate and refine the planning procedure. 3.Why do budgets need frequent reviews and adjustments? Who is responsible for ensuring that budgets and other financial documents are accurate? When creating financial reports, what sources of information need to be analysed? Budgets are the mechanisms through which organisations can monitor their financial health. Budgets are essentially plans for the organisation’s money and resources. They should be monitored regularly to assess the organisation’s progress against agreed targets and to flag any potential issues. Individual areas should update and report internally on a regular basis (i.e. monthly), which, in turn, would lead to reports being delivered to senior management every quarter. These reports can be used to update the budget forecast and contain information about the current state of accounts (i.e. spendings vs earnings). It is important to frequently review and adjust budgets to take into account changing circumstances, such as, project delays, project blowouts, changes to staffing levels and changes in the currency exchange rates. These adjustments are necessary to reflect actual circumstances that apply to specific projects, work units, the organisation as a whole and the broader economic and financial climate. Within an organisation, there is generally a senior management group or committee responsible for ensuring the financial statements present a full and accurate position of the organisation’s financial situation and that any  variants from budget are fully explained. When creating financial reports, depending on the level of detail the organisation requires, the following sources may need to be analysed: †¢Budgets †¢Budget forecast reports †¢Reports of actual financial performance †¢Budget principle reports †¢Revenue reports †¢Expense and output reports †¢Balance sheet reports †¢Asset and cash management reports †¢Investment/derivative reports †¢Liability reports 4.Resources can mean many things when you are preparing an operational plan. What kinds of ‘resources’ might you have to plan for? There are many resources that require planning for an operational plan. These can include: †¢Goods and services †¢Human resources (i.e. staff, consultants, contractors) †¢Physical resources (i.e. equipment, property, machinery, facilities) †¢Financial resources (i.e. budget allocations, money) †¢Stock requirements and requisitions A process of research and consultation needs to be carried out to adequately allocate resources. A detailed planning ‘diary’ can be a useful resource for helping individuals who are responsible for planning and to carry out their duties in a timely and comprehensive fashion. 5.Today, more and more businesses understand that being successful is about more than just economic performance, but that it is also about their environmental and social performance. They are aware that increasing use of the Earth’s natural resources places a strain on the planet. Responsible businesses are, therefore, making every effort to ensure that they use resources efficiently. What does the term resource efficiency refer to? Identify five things an organisation could do to reduce the amount of paper  and energy used and wasted. Resource efficiency refers to maximising the supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively, with minimum wasted effort or expense. Five ways an organisation could reduce the amount of paper and energy used and wasted could include: 1.Improving purchasing Cleaner production starts with cleaner procurement. Buying recycled materials can reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill. Give preference to products that are designed for long life, are reusable or recyclable, and are made and packaged with minimum material. 2.Improving storage Only store what you need. Good inventory management can save money. Keep all storage areas uncluttered, clean and clearly labeled. Avoid keeping empty containers, unless they have a specific use. Establish clearly signed, segregated areas for appropriate storage of all equipment, materials and wastes. 3.Conserving energy Using less costs less. If you reduce your energy consumption you can save money and reduce greenhouse gases caused by burning fossil fuels. Turn off all lights and equipment when they do not need to be operating. Use energy efficient office equipment and power saving functions where they will be most effective. Use the most efficient lights — triphosphor tubes are cheaper to run than fluorescent lights. 4.Conserving water Fix dripping taps and leaking pipes — a dripping tap wastes more than $100 a year. Install water saving accessories around your business, contact your local water authority for ideas. 5.Reducing waste Segregated waste can often be recycled and may be a valuable product for another business. The three R’s – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Quantify the waste you produce. Waste is the difference between the materials you pay for and the materials your customer pays for. Examine each process step to determine where wastes are produced and to devise measures for waste prevention or reduction. Many wastes occur because of process inefficiency. Devise ways of reducing your waste with your employees and suppliers so they  too can share in the savings, for example rewards for employees and suppliers who reduce waste. Reuse drums and containers where possible. Ask suppliers to exchange empties. Identify ways of reusing materials in the process at different stages.

The Reform Movements of the Ni essays

The Reform Movements of the Ni essays In the late eighteenth century America really begin to take shape as its own country. In the nineteenth century the change was very noticeable. During this time the country was beginning to see what it is like when you have a country where everyone has the right to voice his or her own opinion. The country was struggling with slavery, what state should be a slave state and which state would not be a slave state. This time in American history several movements begin happening for the good of the country. These movements were happening because of all the different opinions going on in the country. One of the movements that came to front was a movement on prison reform. The way that prisoners were being treated is what led to the reform. Religious groups came forward and wanted to have prisons were the inmates could be treated as individuals and not as animals. Womens right movement also happens in this period of time. Women wanted to have the same rights as men during this ti me in history. The Temperance movement was a movement with the main focus being on alcohol. These movements all happen because groups of individuals got together and decided it was time for a change. These reform movements are what help lead America into the country that it is today. The prison reform movement was started in order to make sure that the inmates were treated as human beings. The prisons at this time were horrible. The living conditions were worse than the prisons we have today. One group that wanted to make sure that the prisoners were treated with respect was the religious group called the Quakers. The Quakers took it upon themselves to try and create their own human prisons. The prisoners in this type of prison studied the Bible, they were able to work, and they were not allowed to speak. Prisoners were expected to carry out their whole sentence, there was no getting out for good behavior. There was no such thing as a par...

An Outline for Business School Essays

An Outline for Business School Essays In the previous page we discussed the importance of creating a personalized writing schedule for your school essay. Now that you have (hopefully) completed that task, I would like to introduce the next step in the application essay process: producing an outline. Producing a quality outline is crucial in writing a noteworthy composition. In my opinion, the more defined the outline, the better the essay. Regardless of what type of school essay you are planning to write, it always helps to first develop an outline. For the sake of argument, lets say that you are writing a business school essay. Business school essays are no different from any other types of essays in terms of the creative process. Like any composition, you must first create an outline. An outline is simply a condensed treatment of a particular subject. In this case, the subject is business school essays. Therefore, the formula for your business school essay might include a section on the personal events in your life which led you to direct your studies towards a degree in business administration. Whatever the topic, make sure that your outline includes specific instructions on what youd like to include in your composition. Create your school essay as you would a road map. Be precise, be defined, and above all be logical. From business school essays to undergraduate admissions compositions, one thing is for certain: the better the outline the better the paper. I recommend that you take a few days to create your outline. Once you feel confident with your treatment, you can advance to the next step. In the meanwhile, if you have any questions about MBA essays or if you would like to see samples of quality admissions essays, I suggest that you access the adjacent link.

The Role of Sound and Music in Modern Cinema Essay

The Role of Sound and Music in Modern Cinema - Essay Example This paper discrubes the most important effect the advent of sound had on screenplays was that screenwriters were now able to use dialogue and give their characters a voice. To make a conclusion a distinction can only be made regarding a director's specific stylistic and aesthetic choices within the respective crafts. And as the development of sound over the decades has shown, the advent of new technologies, film theory and criticism, audiences and genre expectations, studio interests, marketing issues, casting, social movements, trends and fashions can all influence a director's reasoning behind the individual design of a soundtrack. By exploring the historical development of sound in the movies, from a pianist visualising galloping horses to its first appearance in The Jazz Singer in 1927, to the masterfully executed dance scene in Godard's Band a parte, to Tarantino's post-modern usage of popular song, it is clear that sound has developed into the equal partner of cinematography as the director's main storytelling tool. Pioneered over the decades by such versatile directors like Renoir, Godard, Hitchcock, Leone and Coppola, sound design and score have given characters a voice, locations an atmosphere, the narrative an unifying force and resulted in audiences not only being able to enjoy spell-bounding visuals, but also to appreciate a film with all its emotional, subconscious, realistic or surrealistic audio-aesthetic facets. To conclude, sound design and score can't be read as unrelated entities in a films' soundtrack. Throughout the history of cinema, filmmakers have discovered that sound design and film music are equally effective story telling tools.... The following examples show how sound has been used as a versatile and powerful storytelling tools in the movies. Sound can: set up the mood for a film: The opening scene of Le Mepris where shots of Brigitte Bardot's naked body are accompanied by a melancholic score that indicates that tragedy is looming. reflect a film's theme: The 'duelling banjo' scene in Deliverance, where a hillbilly boy outplays a city-slicker, supports the film's theme of socio-cultural differences between rural and urban America. be used as an editing tool to create rhythm: The sex scene in Delicatessen where all activities in an apartment building rhythmically adapt to the sound of coil springs under a couple's bed. create suspense: The aggressive string motif in Jaws indicates a shark attack is imminent. reflect a character: The light-hearted flute melody that introduces free-spirit Nobody at the beginning of My Name Is Nobody. place a film in a specific cultural and historical setting: Ska, Northern Soul a nd 1980's pop songs make up the soundtrack of This Is England (2006) that is set in the English Skinhead scene of 1983. It has to be noted that aforementioned films are examples of how sound design and film music (meaning both a score that is specifically composed for a film as well as published music) are used as a storytelling tool. Indeed, it is hard to identify just one film that doesn't use sound design and music on its soundtrack. Hence, my argument in the following essay will be that sound design and film music don't exist separately but make up a movie's aural landscape together, as they are both powerful audio storytelling tools in their own right. Furthermore, I will analyse the motivations behind individual directors' different approaches towards

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Paul Gauguin Essay

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Paul Gauguin - Essay Example All artists are shaped by their background and experience in life. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec came from an aristocratic family and was fascinated by theatres and Parisian dance halls. In early teens Henri broke his legs which lead to a deformity in his physical structure. This unfortunate experience controlled his art forms to a great degree. His love of painting equestrian objects reflects his passion for riding, of which, in reality, he was unable to do. When he paints a horse-drawn carriage the thoroughbreds and their vibrant beauty becomes alive on the canvas. Since he would be ridiculed for his physical deformity to a certain degree, he preferred to spend time in company of the eccentric and other depraved human beings, where his deformity would go unnoticed. His outlook of life was pessimistic to a certain degree. He took refuge in alcohol as he would take refuge in human degradation. His paintings would depict life not only in its stark reality, but also his keen observation of human character. Lautrec’s work is characterised by highly individual interpretation of forms. One may even call him a graphic artist. His lines are bold, expressive and restless and bring out the emotional intensity of his subjects. Toulouse-Lautrec was influenced by Degas in the sense that dance-halls and dancers were attractive to both. However, while Degas concentrates on perfecting small details, Luatrec sees life on a much grander scale. He understands that a crowd may assume a complete different personality. than the men and women who make it up. Placing anonymous models in the foreground he would sum up the character of his compositions. His most famous paintings include the series on Moulin Rouge and one of its important can-can dancers Jane Avril. Toulouse-Lautrec is also well known for the posters he made to advertise dance or musical performances in cafes and theatres. He would outline his figures but only color the images partially to draw attention. Sometimes h e would draw caricatures of famous dancers like Jane Avril to make the posters more attractive. In his posters and lithographs broad flat colors and graphic outlines were influenced by Gauguin’s style. Lautrec died young, at the age of thirty-seven, a pessimist already notorious for his portrayal of human degradations. Gauguin, on the other hand, was not born with a silver spoon in his mouth and started working as a stockbroker. Only later he turned to a full-time artist. He was a friend of Pissaro and had

How is Transformation Related to the Concepts of Trust and Truth Essay

How is Transformation Related to the Concepts of Trust and Truth - Essay Example Only tragedy, or trauma, has the possibility of rattling these contextual cages, and thus opening up ourselves to new perspectives, and new truths. But to open ourselves up, we must experiences a process or event that fundamentally calls into questions the structure of the social agreement we trust to provide a sense of external validity in our understanding of the world. Malcolm Gladwell identifies the power of this social agreement when he explains the Power of Context. While sociologists and psychologists seem set to battle over the cause of criminal activity (inherent psychological traits or conditioning from trauma vs. large scale environmental factors that erode community institutions and thus beget crime), Gladwell suggests that the â€Å"Power of Context is an environmental argument. It says that behavior is a function of social context. But it is a very strange kind of environmentalism... The Power of Context says that what really matters is little things. (Gladwell 242). I nstead of the big picture issues that liberals might associate with crime, Gladwell highlights the importance of minutia—broken windows, graffiti—that might influence and trigger criminal behavior. These sorts of conditions function as catalysts, enabling behavior that would seem grossly inappropriate in other contexts. The horrible assault and brutal killing of Matthew Shepard provides a chilling case-in-point. The collection of males who thought of themselves as men—manly men—who found themselves threatened by Shepard's revelation that he was gay, moved from a bar conversation to a chilling beating. Had that conversation been elsewhere, had those boys not been together on that particular night, had they not felt that masculinity was tied in multiple ways and in myriad instances to the strength of their heterosexuality, the events of that night might never have taken place. These â€Å"essential facts† (Loffreda 373) were themselves circumstantial , in the non-legal sense of the word. Whatever the norms that gave rise to the attack, they floundered when the attack itself was brought to trial. Loffreda explains that â€Å"After each count, Castor recited 'the essential facts' supporting the charge, in what became a truly grim ritual of repetition... During the incident, the victim was begging for his life. The subject then left the area, leaving the victim for dead.' By the third time Cator read that Matt had begged for his life, the courtroom had become choked with sickness and grief. The true darkness of the crime had become impossible to flee (Loffreda 373). This impossibility is precisely what makes transformation possible. One could no longer escape into the narrow constraints of those trusted contexts that helped to provide a foundation for one's world-view. If Gladwell is right about the Power of Context, that â€Å"our inner states are the result of our outer circumstances† (Gladwell 243), here was a situation in which the outer circumstances demanded change. That this change resulted from a trauma both profoundly personal and public cannot be overstated. Such a disruption calls into question what we trust, and thus what we hold to be true. That being said, the shift in the communal norms does not imply

Issues of Equality in Jamaica

Issues of Equality in Jamaica Introduction The following discussion will look around on the subject of equality in Jamaica using the experiences of an interviewee who is a female 63 year old British citizen that was born in Hanover in Jamaica on the 14th of March 1951 to draw out conclusions. She lived with family guardians as her mum died when she was 5 and her dad lived in the UK, but she had many brothers and sisters. She was loosely home schooled in Jamaica until she was 12 when she finally went to a Jamaican senior school called Mount Hannah. She had very a restricted education as her guardians wanted her to carry out manual work at home rather than pursuing an education. This resulted in here not having a structured education regime as even when she started to go to school she was forced into taking days off to look after her younger siblings or carry out manual tasks at home. Her childhood was in the middle of the creation of the Ministry of Education in 1953 (Ennew Et Al , 1982) and Jamaica’s transition to inde pendence that was pushed by Caribbean nationalists from after the Second World War (Mawby, 2012) to come to pass finally in 1962 (Welsh, 2012) . During this period there was educational reform especially in the early 60s with a big push to increase the number of schools since in the 1950s secondary school education in Jamaica was very limited (Miller 1990). There were 25 children in her school year and their average school day was from 9-3. Her class had only one teacher that taught them all English and mathematics. She finished school when she was 15 years old without any major qualifications and then continued to carry out more rigorous labour work full time. Work ranged from doing house work and babysitting to working on their house farm where she done tasks like carrying the water and the food to their home across long distances. The interviewee was 16 in 1967 she came to live in Coventry in England with her step mum, dad and younger sisters and brothers. During this time she dreamed of becoming a nurse as she enjoyed looking after her younger siblings. She eventually got the opportunity to take a test to become a nurse but she unfortunately failed the test due to a lack of knowledge in the key areas that was essential to know. After this she decided to go straight to work to help her family as a machinist as it was one of the few options that she had with her education. After a year she decided to move out and change job, but again the easier job for her to find with her experiences was as a machinist. In 1970 she had a daughter so took time off work for one and a half years to look after her. Afterwards she then went back to work for the same company but as a cable former but she also started to work as a barmaid at a pub during the weekends. As she enjoyed bar work and with it being more flexible for her to look after her daughter she continued her career as a barmaid by moving to work full time at a bar in 1974. She however had an area of unemployment from 1976-1979 but she then began to work as a barmaid again for 4 years and then later worked in a wide range of bars and bingos and casino’s behind the bar. During the late 80s she done various training courses as they became much more available in computing and shorthand writing with the hopes of becoming a receptionist, but in 1991 she became pregnant again had a baby Boy. For the rest of her life she brought up her son as a single parent and done voluntary work at various charity shops and carried out a few cleaning part time jobs. Since 2013 she has become a pensioner and is no longer pursuing work. Gender Gender was an identify factor that effected the interviewee’s education. The interviewee said that apart from the â€Å"major subjects† they had two extracurricular activities that they could do. It was compulsory for girls to do sewing and for boys to do gardening for the school garden. The interviewee said that when telling the teacher that she â€Å"wanted to go and do the gardening with the boys† he said â€Å"no† and when she refused she â€Å"went into the school and hide† because she â€Å"didn’t want to do sewing†. Because of this a teacher found her and said that if she didn’t do the sewing she would be â€Å"expelled† so she went back in and do the sewing. However as a punishment she was hit by the headmaster as she says â€Å"he gave me the cane on my hand and told me to go and do sewing, he hit me twice, and then said sit down and do the sewing† goes on to say that she â€Å"hated him after that† . This would affect girls and boy’s life chances because it would lower the possibility for boys to get the chance to be interested in sewing and the chance for women to be interested in gardening and thus meaning that their future career aspirations would be influenced away from either career paths. This is also a sexist approach as it implies that women should do the sewing which is more of a house wife job, whereas men should do more hands on jobs such as gardening. This could potentially precondition how children think about themselves and then lead them into believing sexist stereotypes. However if the children had the choice of what activity they wanted to do it would have been fairer and would have gave everyone the same equal opportunities. However when asked if she felt like there was less opportunity for girls than boys in the core subjects she replied â€Å"no we all had the same classes and same subjects† meaning that at least for code subjects there wasn’t the same level of gender discrimination. Social class Social class has been a major factor to the participant’s educational background as she found that coming from a very poor background highly influenced her education into making an impact on some of her life chances. If the interviewee had a different social upbringing then her family could have afforded the money for her to go to school from a young age instead of giving her house jobs to do. This was not a unique case in Jamaica during this period though as high adult unemployment contributed into generating households without male breadwinners thus meaning that children were expected to fend for themselves and to contribute in the household from a young age (Ennew Et Al, 1982). This resulted in many children dropping out of school around the age of 10 or 12 years, to earn money by working (Ennew Et Al, 1982). Because of this it directly affected her life chances as with little education it gave her the minimal opportunities to fully fulfil her potential in school. Education was compulsory in Jamaica back in the 50s but it wasn’t enforced, if parents were punished for children not going to school then this would have meant that the interviewee would have been in education from beginning to end. This is partially due to the policies like the Education Act to define the functions, roles, rights, and powers of the Boards, the Minister, principals, teachers, and students to not being fully developed until 1965 (Ennew Et Al, 1982). One positive however was when the interviewee said â€Å"everyone wore uniform† which showed an effort was made to make everyone feel equal. However as The interviewee’s family was poor she didn’t have shoes to wear to school unlike other children. She did however say that people didn’t look down on others for not having much money and that â€Å"I go to school without any shoes, I didn’t have shoes, and they didn’t bully me. They didn’t laugh at me or anything†. This was a positive aspect of her schooling; as they didn’t judge her for it even though it would have identified that she was from a low class background. When asked if children that were richer at school, had better job opportunities when they left school, The interviewee replied â€Å"yes â€Å" as it directly affected her opportunity to get O levels. She said that when she was fourteen the headmaster asked her to â€Å"write to your dad† and â€Å"make him give you five pounds for books† so she could take her O levels but as â€Å"he didn’t send the money† for the books she couldn’t take her O levels. She goes on to say that â€Å"all the others took their O levels because they had the money to buy books†. Her life chances were affected by this as it could have helped her get a wider range of job and educational opportunities, but children with money would have had a better chance in life. Costs for books, uniforms, lunch, and transport deterred some families from sending their children to school altogether (1987, Meditz S) so for allot of parents any extras costs to school would be looked down upon. She goes on to say that she â€Å"needed† O levels to be able to go into college which could have been a place where she could have strongly expanded on her education and increased her chances in getting a job she desired. After the interviewee left school at fifteen she had a year of carrying out manual jobs for her family ,she said if id stayed in Jamaica maybe I would have ended up been a cleaner or something like that, because I didn’t have the qualifications to get a decent job. This shows that by her not being able to carry out her O Levels that social class and wealth affected what the interviewee was able to do as a job after she left school. Disability The interviewee said that in school â€Å"everybody was the same† when asked if there were any students with disabilities meaning that for our participant didn’t get much visibility of any inequality that people with disabilities faced. This shows that everyone was treated equally but this doesn’t mean that there weren’t any issues out there for people with special needs. Before the 1970s Jamaicas had very limited capabilities in being able to identify and manage learning disabilities in children. Because of this Jamaica’s educational system was unable to deal with the special education needs of physically and mentally exceptional children. It took until 1974 for the government to provide special education services, until then it was provided by voluntary organisations. This would have resulted in students with disability’s not getting the appropriate help and support that they would have needed to get the most out of the educational system. Even though this didn’t necessarily directly affect our participant it was clear that extra support wasn’t available to her if it was needed as In Jamaica the late 1960s only about 50 per cent of Grade 6 students reached the functional literacy standard.(Miller, E, 2011). With more additional help and support for those who needed it this could have been vastly improved and could have helped the likes of our interviewee to get more out of education. This would have had an impact on children’s life chances as by not having an education that is adapted to children’s needs Conclusion These topics all affected the interviewee in their own individual way during her life. Gender effected the interviewee because the extra-curricular activities that she could partake in was solely based on her gender and not her personal preference, this meant that for these circumstances her education was different dependant on her gender and not on her personal choices meaning that she was not getting everything out of education that she would have wanted .Social equality effected our participant as it meant that she didn’t have a good quality of education because of it due to not being able to be in school as much as others and not being able to get a qualification due to her dad not being able to afford books for her to take her exams. This resulted in her not being able to have an adequate degree of knowledge to pass her nursing exam that she could have gained through taking her O levels and going to college. Disability inequality affected her to a lesser extent but specia l support wasn’t there for her even though she didn’t go to school until she was 12 year old, and this would have strongly impacted on the potential achievements she could have obtained. These issues relate to each-other because they have all limited the scope of what was possible for the interviewee to achieve. Due to a substandard education with different elements of inequality she was not able to live up to her full potential. She instead for most of her life she carried out minimum wage jobs as she didn’t have many options with potential jobs that she could do with her skillset or even opportunities for her to go into education part time while earning a living. Sadly by being limited to only doing these kinds of jobs it made her not able to gain a diverse enough experience at work to be able to expand skills that could help her in other roles. This created cycles that lead her into carrying out minimum wage jobs for the rest of her life. Bibliography Ennew.J. (1982). Family structures, unemployment, and child labour in Jamaica. Ennew.J. (1989) Milne, Brian, The next generation: lives of their world children. Mawby S (2012) Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglophone Caribbean, 1947-69.PP 33 Miller, E (1990) Jamaican society and high schooling. Kingston, Jamaica: Institute of Social and economic research Miller, E. (July 7, 2011). The State of Jamaican Education and its Greatest Challenge. Available: http://www.jta.org.jm/article/state-jamaican-education-and-its-greatest-challenge. Last accessed 6th Dec 2014. Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty, editors.Caribbean Islands: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987. State University. (2006). Jamaica Preprimary Primary Education. Available: http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/728/Jamaica-PREPRIMARY-PRIMARY-EDUCATION.html. Last accessed 5th Dec 2014. Welsh. R (2012). Overcoming Smallness through Education Development: A Comparative Analysis of Jamaica and Singapore Current Issues in Comparative Education 15(1):114-131. Appendix Transcription Did you enjoy senior school? Yeah I did What kind of classes did you do? Classes? When I was at school I went till I was 14, and then I was in a mixed class with boys and girls. And I just do maths and English. Did you do science? Dint do science, just two subjects. Where about did you grow up in Jamaica, Mantana. Did you go to school here afterwards. No just in Jamaica. Did you feel like your schooling was limited because you only did maths and English? Yeah very. Would you say there was rich and poor people at your schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹? was rich and poor, I was one of the poor ones Did people wear different uniform, if they were rich would they wear better clothes? No we all wear uniform. Did you feel like anyone was horrible to the poorer people? No no everybody got on, just there to learn, everybody was interested in learning, no time for any bullying or anything like that. I go to school without any shoes, I didn’t have shoes, and they didn’t bully me. They didn’t laugh at me or anything. Did you feel like race mattered at school? No no no race nobody knew about race until she came to England. Because everybody is black, some was white and some were black, but nobody knew about it, didn’t have things like that. Did anyone at your school have disabilities, extra help? No everybody was the same; all seem to be on same wave length. Did you have more than one teacher? For me was just one, the headmaster, in our class, before we went to the sixth form we had another interviewee teacher. So when I went to school was in normal, then sixth form, and in sixth form he was the teacher, the headmaster So you didn’t feel like anyone looked down on each other where you lived, looked down on people for being poor? No no, Did you feel like children that were richer, they got better jobs when they left school? Yeah because when I was 14 headmaster said to me, write to your dad and let him give you 5 pound for books, so you can take your o levels, and I waited and he didn’t send it you see, so I couldn’t take my O levels, because I didn’t have any books, but all the others took their O levels because they had the money to buy books. What did you do when you left school? I left at 15 for a year helping round house, then came to England at 16. Did you feel like school effected what u did after school? If id stayed there in Jamaica maybe I would have ended up been like a cleaner or something like that, because I didn’t have the qualifications to get a decent job. The people who did the O levels what did they do? They went to a higher school, like a college, you call it college here they went to the higher school, learned short hand typing. If I was there I wouldn’t have been able to go because I wouldn’t have me o levels, needed them to go there. Was lucky to come to England. Did you feel like more men went and got jobs than women did? Well I didn’t know what boys did, but girls went to the higher school. But with boys and girls even though we were in the same class, we didn’t speak for some reason, everybody just quiet only one who spoke to us was headmaster. everyone seemed to ignore each other. was weird really. Did you feel like you had less opportunities than boys did at school did they have extra classes? No all had same class, and same subject. I don’t know if they had extra, if they did I didn’t know about it. When I was in school they had two things to do, girls do sewing and boys do gardening. Cos they had a school garden, so I said to them once a week they used to do that. So the teacher said I should go sewing, but I told him I wanted to go and do the gardening with the boys, and he said no. so I went into the school and hide because I didn’t want to do sewing. And sent someone to come and get me, and they said if I didn’t come and do the sewing I would be expelled. So I had to go back in and do the sewing. So did any one bully people? Well no after school only twice I had name calling because I was flat chested, used to call me pigeon chest. And when I had mumps jaw was really bigmouth called me barrel jaw. But that wasn’t in school that was out of school. When they saw me on the street. Was the same as was in my class at school; it was another school the next town away, another school next town away. So were all the schools quite spaced out really? Yeah. Did you ever get hit by any of the teachers? The head master, that was that day when I didn’t do sewing he give me the cane, and tell me to go and do sewing on my hand, hit me twice with cane in my hand, and said now sit down and do sewing. Horrible man. I hated him after that.