Surfing Practice Expository Essay

Practice Essay †Academic Writing Many individuals state surfing isn’t a game, it’s a way of life †however, it’s more than that. From the second you initial phase in the sea to the day you bite the dust it is a piece of you. It turns into the manner in which you think and what plays over your psyche when you are in that subliminal state among conscious and sleeping. It engages in extramarital relations with your feelings and inserts itself in the profundities of your heart. You can't dispose of the sea once it’s transformed you. It is not normal for some other dependence on the planet. They state a lot of anything can murder you, be that as it may, with regards to surfing †you can never get enough.Surfing started in the islands of Hawaii, the first since forever report composed by Lieutenant James King of Captain James Cook’s transport Discovery. In this report he depicted the specialty of surfing more than two pages in the story segme nt of Captain Cook’s diaries. Surfing was a very otherworldly and significant piece of Hawaiian life, to such an extent, that spots were named after specific surfing incedents. At the point when the Calvinistic Christian Missionaries showed up in Hawaii the quantity of surfers in the water declined quickly as the preachers guaranteed the game, among others, was â€Å"Against the laws of God†.For years it was uncommon to see a surfer in the water, the riding society had nearly ceased to exist. Notwithstanding, in 1907 Jack London a well known creator got away in Hawaii †remaining in Waikiki †and was acquainted with surfing by Alexander Hume Ford and George Freeth. Being a writer, it was nothing unexpected when Jack composed of his riding involvement with his book entitled A Royal Sport: Surfing in Waikiki. This new exposure revived the withering game †and not long after †George Freeth was approached to put on a wave riding showing in California, carr ying surfing to America.Now days, surfing is a gigantic game. There are around 23 million surfers around the world, a conspicuous difference to the late 1800’s in Hawaii. Surf organizations are springing up everywhere †their principle expect to give surf hardware and attire to the surf network and the individuals who extravagant the style. Surfing has developed, as a recreation sport, yet additionally in rivalry. At present, there are 34 men and 17 ladies contending on the WCT (World Championship Tour), and millions all the more taking to the water in humble community occasions and bigger expert or beginner competitions.Surfing is likewise advancing into the film business, with surf photography and narratives getting progressively well known. With all the promotion and expansion of surfing, it will at present stay a supernatural and adrenaline siphoning experience. There are numerous surfers who surf for the unadulterated delight of being out in the sea, at one with risi ng and falling swells, regardless of how far it is extricated from its modest, profound beginnings in Hawaii. These surfers are known as soul surfers †and it is these individuals that will keep on continuing riding alive for a long time into the future.

Cash payment made on quarterly or semi-annual basic by company to its shareholders. The WritePass Journal

Money installment made on quarterly or semi-yearly essential by organization to its investors. Money installment made on quarterly or semi-yearly essential by organization to its investors. IntroductionIs the company’s profit strategy immaterial to its market value?Bird-in-the-handReferenceRelated Presentation A profit is a circulation of after-charge benefit. It is a money installment made on quarterly or semi-yearly fundamental by organization to its investors. Toward the finish of the each monetary year each organization needs to choose (profit choice) how much measure of winning to be held by the organization and how much add up to be appropriated to investors. The profit choice is significant on the grounds that it influences the measure of inside sourced account accessible and furthermore influences the arrival got by investors on the shares. Once the organization chose to deliver profits, they may set up a to some degree changeless profit strategy, which may show the effect of the speculators and the money related markets. Building up a specificâ dividendâ policyâ is to the benefit of both the organization and the investor. The conveyance of profits requires the endorsement of the top managerial staff and paid out to investors half a month later. There are a few dates between t he occasions the board proclaims the profit until the profit is really paid. The main date of note is the presentation date which the leading group of executive pronounces the time or date is declared. The following date of note is ex-profit date which time financial specialists more likely than not purchased the stock to get the profit. The speculator, who purchasing the stock after ex-profit date isn't getting any profit, record date, is a couple of days after the ex-profit date the organization close its stock exchange books and make up a rundown of the investor, who will get the profit. The last advance is installment date which the checks of profit will send to the investors. There are various sorts of profit, which are money or as extra stock which increment the quantity of offers extraordinary and for the most part lessen the cost per share, normal profit which is paid at standard spans, or a unique profit which is delivered notwithstanding customary profit and selling profit which are overabundance of the held gaining they appear on their book. There exist four fundamental kinds of profit strategy hypotheses Modigliani and Miller (1961) profit Irrelevancy hypothesis, Linter and Gordon (flying creature in-the-hand) Theory, Signaling properties of profit and customer base impact. Is the company’s profit strategy unimportant to its reasonable worth? One of the money related scholars (Miller and Modigliani, 1961) gives a suggestion to profit strategy superfluity. They expect that ideal capital markets, which means no duties or exchange costs exist, the market cost has numerous purchaser or dealer, and there is costless and feely access to data. Modigliani and Miller express that profit strategy was not one of the determinants of offer value .Share esteem is autonomous of the degree of profit paid. A firm deliver profit is insignificant and those investors are aloof about accepting profit. For instance, from the part of speculator, that the organization delivered too huge profit, financial specialist could purchase more impart to the profit that is over the investor’s desires. Correspondingly if the organization delivered too little profit, a financial specialist could sell a portion of the company’s offer to mirror the income their normal. Market estimation of organization its expense of capital is autonomous of its capital structure. As indicated by their contention profit strategy is unaffected and superfluity of piece of the overall industry cost .Should the organization pay out to its investors or hold that cash to make new extend. Modigliani and Millers profit immateriality hypothesis says that speculators can influence their arrival on a stock paying little heed to the stocks profit Remaining Policy Modigliani and Miller contended that monetary goal is amplify investor riches when the offer cost is expanded. Investors are aloof among profits and capital addition. Organization is utilized M Residual profit strategy when an organization embrace all positive NPV venture and delivered out the lingering as profit. Then again an organization with insufficient assets to contribute new venture, delivered no profit and the extra assets can get from outside sources. They were contending that if organization followed the best speculation strategy the estimation of organization is insignificance to its profit strategy. They additionally contend that investors are likewise apathetic regarding the planning of profit installment supposing that there were no profits the market estimation of organization would increment to reflect as future profit and offer cost is likewise expanding coming about because of the profits of speculation. A profit strategy is immaterial in light of the fact that inv estors can make â€Å"homemade† profits that imply that capital increase isn't ideal reasonable for profit in income terms. This salary is accomplished by people modifying their own portfolios to mirror their own inclinations. For instance a few investors like to get consistent of pay are bound to put resources into bonds, which premium installment don’t change ,instead of profit â€paying stock, which worth can vary. Feathered creature in-the-hand On different hands, Lintner (1962) and Gordon (1963) accept that organization profit arrangements are applicable to their offer cost. Under states of vulnerability and flawed capital market ,he contended â€Å"bird-in-the-hand† hypothesis that speculator can diminish the monetary hazard related with their venture if the arrival is gotten as profit before, as opposed to capital addition or higher profits later. On this examination, current profit speak to less dangerous than future capital addition. Along these lines, organization delivering higher profit will be more worth than organization delivering lower profit. Profit strategy is one of the significance elements of deciding offer cost. Gorden contended that the installment of current profits â€Å"determine financial specialist uncertainty†. The key supposition, as contended by Lintner and Gordon, is that in light of the less hazardous nature profits, investors and speculators will limit the firm’s profit str eam at a lower pace of return, â€Å"r†, in this manner expanding the estimation of the firm’s shares. As indicated by profit development model, the estimation of a customary offer, Po is given by: Po=D1/(r-g) Where the steady profit development rate is indicated by g, r is the investor’s required pace of return and D1, speak to the following profit installments. In this way the lower r is according to the estimation of profit installment D1, the more prominent the share’s esteem. In the investor’s see, as indicated by Linter and Gordon, r the arrival from the profit, is less unsafe than the future development rate g. oppapers.com/eassys/Bird-In-Hand/536314 Flagging impact of profit This hypothesis contended that money related data is deviated and administrators will consistently know more than investors about the future monetary possibilities of the organization. The profit proclaimed can be deciphered as a sign from executives to investors about the quality of fundamental venture incomes. Expanding profit is normally observed as uplifting news, demonstrating that the organization has inspirational possibilities. The hypothesis of profit flagging has for the most part alludes to a money circulation of hold income. jstor.org/pss/2328393 Reference Watson, D. furthermore, Head, A. (2010) Corporate fund Principles Practice.5th version. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Free Essays on Korn

Out of the humble community of Bakersfield, California, in the mid nineties, came a sound. A black out murmur from the start, it developed in power and force with time, unhindered by the yapping mouths of lawmakers and guardians the same. It rang in their ears. It tormented their psyches. It really frightened them. The voice, talking in low-tuned cadenced tones, represented an age that would have nothing else of present day America and its pioneers. An age tired of untruths, savagery and avarice from their own general public. It developed and developed as an ever increasing number of individuals understood the veracity of its cases, and clung to its motivation. The government officials became dreadful, and endeavored to end its spread by controlling and reviling. Much to their dismay that, after six years, that little murmur would develop into a stunning shout, a shockingly present token of its own reality, and of its armies of supporters. KoRn have altered substantial music as we probably am aware it, or used to know it, by infusing a few diverse melodic impacts into conventional stone, from hip-bounce and rap, to 70's funk music. This abnormal mix gives KoRn its very own sound. The various styles included do, hypothetically, repudiate themselves, yet bound together by KoRn's melodic savoir-faire, give the tunes such air that the show-goers can't just demonstration their seats and state Well. They want to bounce in the mosh pit and appreciate the music at its center, letting the entirety of their vitality stream with the tonal blast that KoRn puts out for them. This is the means by which KoRn wins fans with consistent, persistent visiting, giving the fans the full understanding and therefore winning them forever. This technique has given KoRn an any longer life expectancy than the passing prevailing fashion, and it gives no indication of halting. Appearing firmly with their first, self-titled collection, KoRn acquaint ed itself gruffly with the world, highlighting exceptionally quick drum courses of action by David, alarming, Halloween-like guitar riffs by guitarists Munky and... Free Essays on Korn Free Essays on Korn Out of the humble community of Bakersfield, California, in the mid nineties, came a sound. A swoon murmur from the start, it developed in power and force with time, unhindered by the yapping mouths of legislators and guardians the same. It rang in their ears. It tormented their brains. It truly frightened them. The voice, talking in low-tuned musical tones, represented an age that would have nothing else of present day America and its pioneers. An age tired of untruths, brutality and insatiability from their own general public. It developed and developed as an ever increasing number of individuals understood the veracity of its cases, and clung to its motivation. The lawmakers became frightful, and endeavored to end its spread by blue penciling and criticizing. Much to their dismay that, after six years, that little murmur would develop into a stunning shout, a shockingly present token of its own reality, and of its armies of adherents. KoRn have altered overwhelming music as we probably am aware it, or used to know it, by infusing a few diverse melodic impacts into customary stone, from hip-bounce and rap, to 70's funk music. This odd mix gives KoRn its very own sound. The various styles included do, hypothetically, repudiate themselves, however bound together by KoRn's melodic savoir-faire, give the tunes such air that the show-goers can't just demonstration their seats and state Well. They want to hop in the mosh pit and appreciate the music at its center, letting the entirety of their vitality stream with the tonal blast that KoRn puts out for them. This is the way KoRn wins fans with consistent, persistent visiting, giving the fans the full understanding and in this way winning them forever. This system has given KoRn an any longer life expectancy than the passing prevailing fashion, and it gives no indication of halting. Appearing emphatically with their first, self-titled collection, KoRn acquainted itself gr uffly with the world, highlighting extremely quick drum game plans by David, alarming, Halloween-like guitar riffs by guitarists Munky and...

Combining Academic Knowledge and Practicality

Consolidating Academic Knowledge and Practicality The possibility of social obligation originated from Adolph Ochs vow when he purchased the New York Times in 1896. It was a guarantee to â€Å"give the news fair-mindedly, without dread or favor, paying little mind to gathering, organization or intrigue involved†. The instructive necessity of press and broadcasting calling in Europe during the 1930s was just secondary school degrees. The nonappearance of formal training for writer let to the production of various schools for news coverage, for example, the foundation of Turkey Two-Year Institute of Journalism in 1949. Be that as it may, in spite of the fact that there were around 500 understudies took a crack at the program, the activity flopped because of the absence of qualified teachers. In 1965, UNESCO upheld the foundation of Journalism and Communications Higher School in Ankara and gave French columnist Georges Pitoleff and four different understudies grants abroad. Since reporting includes offering significance to open intrigue and monitoring social issues, human rights, balance, and social assorted variety, the mission of ILEF is to consolidate information with down to earth lives. This practically speaking is giving center and essential aptitudes and creating understudies open intrigue and want to improve a world. Journalism’s relationship with social structures and foundations made it an open enthusiasm for terms of morals and social duty. For example, analytical writers were addressed in regards to the moral ramifications of their uncover on people’s protection. Journalists’ solid accentuation on opportunity of the press and social obligation regularly result to media surrounding, a suffering work on influencing people’s perspectives towards social issues, for example, wrongdoing, web wellbeing, and others. The Bright Sides of Academic Intellectuals We Call Nerds Open Interest and Press Freedom Open intrigue and constraints of press opportunity are the commonsense parts of reporting training. Truly, writers are frequently keen on socially important issues unfolding in various parts. Their work ordinarily includes picking between proficient intrigue and social duty and consequently requires an ethically stable writer. News coverage is frequently lauded when it is reasonable and socially dependable accordingly a decent writer adheres to the standards of their work and mindful of society’s requests of news coverage. The possibility of social obligation originated from Adolph Ochs vow when he purchased the New York Times in 1896. It was a guarantee to â€Å"give the news unbiasedly, without dread or favor, paying little mind to gathering, group or intrigue involved†. The vow was later on embraced by the news coverage network that later built up the possibility of â€Å"journalistic independence†. Be that as it may, incredible obligations are frequently difficult to satisfy, as news coverage practically speaking is verifiably connected with frightening practices, for example, manufacture in reports, distributing of phony photos, pantomime, prejudice, and others. Advanced education help news coverage understudies created scholarly and pragmatic aptitudes fundamental in expert and social mindful writer. Be that as it may, since news coverage, as a general rule, includes proficient intrigue, the useful parts of reporting training ought to be given more accentuation especially in the region of open intrigue and human respect and protection.

Many of todays drivers have dangerous habits Essay

A large number of todays drivers have perilous propensities - Essay Example One of the primary explanations behind this expansion in figure is that individuals have almost no respect for transit regulations and many have a poor street sense. Also, the state of the streets is extremely poor and necessities part of progress. No measure of booking cases and fining drivers can fix this hazard. One occurrence that continually helps me to remember the revolting essence of rash driving is from news cutting, when an elderly person was hit from the back on the expressway while he was driving inside as far as possible. He endured a serious stun and when he moved out of the vehicle and endeavored creeping to go across the street to arrive at a state of security, none of the numerous drivers out and about halted to support him. I have especially brought up this episode not on the grounds that it was the situation of an elderly person but since it was an instance of cruelty or human lack of care. Tanked driving has indicated a progressive ascent throughout the years. No measure of wheedling or severity has hampered the aficionados who appreciate driving in the wake of becoming vigorously inebriated. It has been seen that such occurrences increment particularly on happy events. Regular, 36 individuals in United States kick the bucket, and roughly 700 more are harmed in engine vehicle crashes in light of liquor hindered drivers. This requests a zero resistance laws against alcoholic drivers. Laws for the street ought to be followed with more assurance. As indicated by certain individuals from the law and organization branch, quick driving doesn't mean rash driving. Accordingly, in the event of a mishap, it should be seen whether the driver was driving quick or rash. Rash and careless driving records to the greatest level of life-asserting mishaps everywhere throughout the world. Next is the harvest of under-age drivers who all the time abuse the traffic rules. The most ideal approach to address this street wellbeing danger is to teach both the guardians and the youngsters on street security and realize progressively severe principles for such offenses which support under the term immature. About 30% of accidents executing youthful

Dont feed the squirrels

Don’t feed the squirrels Two or three Thursdays before finals, Peach 09 and I went to Au Bon Pain for a post-On The Air engineer training (me)/post-radio show (her) lets eat tons of food and talk about our problems! dinner. While Peach complained about something or other, I began to enter the Summer Jobless stage that can only be described as Full-On Panic Mode. (I didnt get final word about my job until mid-May.) Be a camp counselor! said Peach. I was a counselor at this one camp and I was supposed to do it again this summer, but then I got the ambulance job up here so Im staying in Boston instead. But I can email them for you! In response, I said this: At this point, any summer job will do, but Im not sure if I want to be a camp counselor. Lots o kids, you know. Two months later, I am sitting at the Spectrum duty desk in the lobby of McCulloch Hall at Northwestern University. (This dorm is pretty gross, by the way. Each floor has its own unique smell on my floor, its poo! I miss Senior Haus, yo.) Im an RA for 12 fourteen-year-old girls at an academic enrichment program. We plan and run afternoon and evening activities for the kids, such as kickball and Casino Night. When they arent at these events, the kids are hard at work on speeches for Persuasion and Debate or learning a full year of Latin in three weeks. In short, I am a glorified counselor at nerd camp. I do, however, absolutely love my job. The kids are awesome, and they always have something interesting to discuss. I also really love being able to play kickball, especially when there are only three other girls playing with thirty boys convinced that girls and kickball are a no-no. Its just like middle school again! Here at CTD, there are all sorts of ludicrous rules for the students and staff to follow (the title of this post being one those squirrels, theyre almost as vicious as the chipmunks). These include not swinging the lanyard your keys are on, lest you put someones eye out. It actually happened a few years ago, which is why the rule was implemented in the first place. Some of the more important rules fall under the these should be obvious, but we know youll do these if we dont tell you not to category. For one, theres no use of profanity or any derisive comments. Students are also not allowed to jaywalk Sheridan Road, a fairly large and busy street, cuts through much of Northwesterns campus. Both of these rules are integral to the following story. On Monday afternoon, my fellow RA Indu (WashU 09) and I were walking to Elder Hall for lunch. Going to Elder is mildly irritating its almost directly across the street from Bobb-McCulloch, but the no jaywalking rule means we cant cut across the street and must instead walk down to the crosswalk and back up to Elder. A group of students was also going to lunch and reached the crosswalk at the same time we did. Anyway, one of the boys, not noticing that there were two RAs not five feet away from him, decided to take off across the street at a break in traffic. His fellow classmates then started yelling at him like only thirteen-year-olds can yell, but that I will attempt to reproduce here: Dude, what are you doing?! Just keep going, man, just keep going! They cant write you up if you run! Come back across the street! Whats wrong with you? Dont you see the two of them right here?! The kid right next to us, though, took the cake. In a voice loud enough for everyone in the area to hear, he shouted, NICE MOVE, (insert expletive here)!!!! So I ask you the same question I asked him: In terms of making poor decisions, who wins the first kid for jaywalking, or the second kid for swearing loudly and publicly with the knowledge that he was standing right next to two people who could easily put him in detention for his actions? Also, what are you all doing? Tell me about your summers! Ask me questions! Both! Neither! All of the above! Exclamation points!

Animal Cruelty Problem - Free Essay Example

Cruelty to animals is commonly known as animal cruelty which is criminally negligent act that causes an animal to suffer pain or bein killed. If left to its own us humans would exploit animals without any regard to moral consideration. Judging by the increasing number of animals, these statutes have had little of the desired impact. Over 9.1 billion land animals are killed in the United States for food each year. For most of them, their lives and deaths occur outside of the lawrs protection, with little thought given to the well-being of their lifes. In fact, many states specifically exempt farm animals from anti-cruelty statutes. This practice excluding agricultural animals from anti-cruelty protections is not unique to the United States. Rather, it is global, and it is resulting in animals suffering reaches an almost unbelievable amount. Diffrent states use diffrent definition to describe the cruelty. Examples of animal cruelty is, harming of any animals or endangerment the animals life is known as animal cruelty. Types of animal cruelty are,not getting your animal medical care when you know they need it, not feeding or watering, over feeding and watering them so that they bloat. Anything that causes harm to any animal can be reported and than you get a court date and they can even take your pets and send you to jail for a long time. Having to many animals in a home that do not have enough room to move is also a form of animal cruelty. Animal fighting is another form. The side effects of animals that have been in an abusive home or life style, have been known to no trust people so easily which makes them harder to find a home to. The animals that have been abused will always have their scars even if you cant see them. The scientist or the hunters that take the animals from their habitat they destroy the balance of t he ecosystem by taking the animals out of their home. Each time we lay our hands on the animals we are abusing them and we are losing their trust and we wont get that back ever. Animal cruelty is one of the biggest threats to an animas, habitat, life than anything else, so why do we put them threw this? Animals cruelty is unhuman and it makes those animals turn to the dark side and then we have aggressive animals and this is not the animals fault they are just protecting from us. With this in mind we still harm them and make them so scared that they will not trust another person to show them love, care and to not hurt them or hurt them. We have the responsibility to protect them and not let things hurt them and this is not the way we do it by leaving them on the side of the road or not feeding them or watering them.How would you feel if you got ripped away from the only family that you had and then put into a cage and then made to be in experiment and left in pain that ends up killing you? This is not what we should do animal cruelty is something that be nothing but a memory and this is not something to joke about.It is important to be aware of animal cruelty. Animals are suffering in two different ways. Those two diffrent ways are medical and personal or experiments. Examples of suffering in medical ways is like when scientists developed a vaccine against the blue tongue,a disease transmitted by midges that causes much suffering in animals such as cattle,and sheep. Catherine Dellortpoints out that animals used for these experiments are left in their cages to die without any pain relief, rather than being euthanized (page20). The scientist needed to test what they made for strokes. Catherine Dellorts discovers the baboons were seen in their cages hunched over unable to drink, chew, or even lift their heads( page 20). Even when we do it for personal reasons it is still bad. The night before companion animals animals are sometime starved or even over watered where they blot and than exploded. The fighting of any animals are aginst the law in some states, but some how they still find a way to have fighting rings, but the owners do this in th e expense of dogs they are tortured and they are trained to do this are even forced to fight where they just end up getting killed or killing other animals. When you go and use them to fight they become sckettish and this is not a good thing they might end up snapping and going after you are they will become mute and that is not something we want to happpen. Animals are being killed everyday for are own personal reasons. Like choking, beating, strangling,Downing, fighting,kicking,neglect abandonment, poison, stabbing, unlawful trade, unlawful trapping. Animals are killed for our selfish needs and wants. Those animals are used for our entertainment or the educational purpose. We are the other hand do not think of the side affects that have on the animals. We make them fearful and in the constent struggle of keeping a safe life. Those animals that we use go threw their lives looking over their shoulder thinking that we are gonna be next or their the next ones to. Gender ended up being the biggest component for animal cruelty. It is separated into two categories female and males, but males are the worst.In 2006 the ASPCArs men and women pursued cases in New York City made a record, one hundred a cases and sized two hundred ninety-nine animals in connection with their investigations. Almost all abusers are males.. In a study of sixty- seven college undergraduates, male students were nearly four times more likely than females to report abusing animals as children or adolescents. Slightly more than one- third of males (34.5%), but just fewer than 10% of females (9.3%), reported that animals had been cruel to animals.That are two hundred and fifty-six cases from males and only sixty- five cases for females. The total number of cases that only have males perpetrators is four hundred seventy- four. The number of males and females perpetration is eighty- seven. Animals are in painful situations all the time. Fighting and testing on them are examples are ways the animals live painful lives. Testing on them makes them costley looking over their shouldersin feear that are go to come and test on them. When testing the scientist are suggested involved in often downplayed and they allege extreme levels of cruelty inflicted upon animals. The experiments can involve drawing, suffocating,starving and burning, blinding animals, destroy their ability to hear, damaging their brains, serving their lambs, crushing their organs, inducing their heart attacks,and ulcers, paralysis, seizures, and forcing the animals to inhale tobacco smoke, and drink alcohol, and ingest various drugs.When this happen we are destroying the food chain and throwing the food chain all out of balance. Each time that we do we make them shut down and it dose not help use gain their trust. When we use them as bait for a fighting it endangers their lives and thats not what we should do. A total of fifty-three cases of fighting with animal. That number should be zero.They are used for our personal and selfish reasons. What about the animals personal benefits? When we use them for our personal purpose they are unaware of what they are about to be exposed to. Everyday of every minute of every second of every hour they are put threw these painful situation and then they have to deal with the side effects and it hard for them. Animals that are experiment on have side effects that make them claw at them self. Or they are also have been known to have hallucination nations that make them act out. The animals in the experiment are also known to get very aggressive or they might get so depressed that they do not eat or drink. They will basically starved or dehydrate themself because the animals are in pain or they associate the food and water that the scientist give them. Because they associate it as something that is going to hurt them and they do not want any of it. Theses aniamls that are used for our personal or medical selfish reasons are not our personal guinne pig. Every time that we do it makes the balance of world go off of balance. We are destroying their lives leaving them to die in pain. We might not care but what about their familys. Just because they are animals, manmals, like dogs,birds,sheep dosent mean that they are gonna be upset. They are even more pain then what them involved in the experiments are used for this is no the right thing for use to do. If you was in this situtation would you want someone taking your children or moms, father grandmas, grandpas or aunt, uncles and experimenting on them and killing them. Or living in constent fear that you are going to be the next on to be killed ir used for personal shelfish reasons it not the right thiing as human beings to do, but we end up doing it and not even feeling guilty that we ruined their lives or their family i hate that this is not going to be able to see their family me mebers again. This is why it is imporant that we have to be aware of animals crulitey because we cant be going and expect to have animals to be using if we kill off all of the animals it not right of use to be so cold hearted and so inhumane that keep doung these stupid experiments and i ahte that we have this happening we all could do alot better to be more awaree of our surrounds and not have them fearing to have their lives being killed or taken away from them and i can not beleive that we are in this cold hearted society that is okay wiht baby animals and grown animals being used to kill them for our personal or medical or even interament reason because we have so boring lives that we think that if we take their lives that our lives would be better and we might be happy. But what about them if we keep this up there wont be anymore chicken.cow.pig.hog.deer,bird and then what would we do use hummans for the experment that is not right we are disgraceful people and i hate to be apart of any of th is. Awareness in the most imporant thing to be aware of in this world.Why do we have to be like this when we can be so much better?

Modernism And The Victorian Era - 1969 Words

Modernism was a movement in literature, art, and music that began with the thought that everything there was to be written had already been written. Modernist writers believed that in order to create new works, they needed to create a completely new genre, using new styles of writing. These writers wanted to differentiate themselves from past literary movements, especially those of the Victorian era, dated roughly from 1837 to 1901 (The Victorian Period). Although Modernism was a collective movement, Modernists came from all different walks of life. Modernists also come together on one important issue, the push to form something new. They felt that in the new time of industrialism, old ideas of traditionalism were becoming quickly outdated. Modernists, in literature at least, were people who wanted to create a new relationship between reader and author. Generally, though, Modernists aimed to create a new form of expression. To define Modernism as a â€Å"general movement in literature, music, and the fine arts that stressed newness and stylistic innovations to reflect modern life†, is to simplify things a bit (The World Book Encyclopedia). Although, in order to not exempt any piece, extreme generalization is almost necessary, especially when it comes to an exact time period. The most widely accepted beginning for the movement is the beginning of the twentieth century because it signified the end of the Victorian period, and also was the turn of the century. The turn of theShow MoreRelated Female Rebellion In Aurora Leigh and The Lady in the Looking-Glass724 Words   |  3 PagesWomen of both the ages of Victorian and early Modernism were restricted from education at universities or the financial independence of professionalism. In both ages, women writers often rebelled against perceived female expectations as a result of their oppression. 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The Victorian age, with its new industrialization of society, brought to poetry and literature the fictional character, seeing the world from anothers eyes.   It was also a time in which Victorian authors and intellectualsRead MoreModernism: Just another Word for the 20th Century599 Words   |  2 PagesModernism is just another word for 20th century. It was a movement which started in the beginning of the 20th century and carried on until about the 1960’s. To understand the reasons behind the rise of modernism, one must understand the eras that came before it, namely the Romantic Period and the Victorian Era. Romanticism is mostly concerned with subjectivity. Poets and others such as composers drew inspiration from their own experiences and feelings. They exalted emotion over reason and sensesRead MoreThe Role of Woman1397 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch but raising their children. A role of women throughout British and colonial society is that the pressure of society influences on them. The only role of women that changed throughout these periods was their freedom and privileges. During the Victorian Age, the â€Å"Angel in the House† displayed the roles of women in British and colonial society. The Angel in the House was your ideal women and a part of the upper class in society. This woman was educated, as she would teach her children how to readRead MoreThe Modern Era And Its Impact On The World1086 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolutions, the American and French, were an outcome of that period. Thus, the Modern period was born when the Romantics faded out and this shift in culture changed the world forever. Modernism changed the way people lived in a number of different reasons, but there are three that stood out from the rest. The Modern Era changed the world through literature, producing some of the greatest works in history, through technology and science, this new scientific movement invented groundbreaking technology

Characteristics of Public Administration - 1800 Words

| 2011 | | YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY RASHEED BALOGUN | | MATRIC NUMBER:P/ND/10/3621360 DEPARTMENT:BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION CLASS:ND1 N | [ASSIGNMENT:BRIEFLY EXAMINE THE CHRACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND ITS PRIMARY OBJECTIVES REGARDING ITS ADMINISTRATIVE RELEVANCE.] CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DEFINITION: Public Administration is a multi-dimensional discipline, defined by different authors and scholars, according to their understanding. It is viewed by each author in relation to his political environment. It is pertinent to know what public administration is before viewing it’s characteristics†¦ According to Woodrow Wilson; Public Administration is the most obvious part†¦show more content†¦It is said that the ideals and objectives of government may be very popular, the plans for national development may be extremely progressive and the national resources of the country may be abundant, but without an efficient administration, nothing can be achieved. In other words, even the good objectives of the best policies and laws of a government may remain as mere paper declarations of intent, if the administrative machinery does not function efficiently and honestly. An efficient public administration can avoid waste, correct errors; limit the consequences of incompetence, or irresponsibility while implementing laws and public policies. Thus public administration acts as an instrument for translating plans, laws and policies into reality. As A.D. Gorwala remarks, â€Å"in a democracy there can be no successful planning without a clear , efficient and impartial administra tion†. * Participation in Policy Formulation: According to Dimock and Dimock Administration â€Å"In the modern world bureaucracy is the chief policy maker in government†. It is a source of facts and experience as well as of ideas and solution of public problems. I n modern democracies, public administrators participate in policy making by giving advice to ministers and providing them the necessary information(i.e., facts and figures) which is relevant for policy formulation. As Sir Josiah Stamp says, â€Å"the officialsShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics of Public Administration4146 Words   |  17 PagesPrinciples of Public Administration 1.0 Introduction. This article discusses how have principles of public administration been applied to positively advance each of the following fields: education, transportation, health care, community development, law enforcement, and environmental policy. Also, the article hypothesizes what would become of the aforementioned services in the absence of a public administration system. The means by which public administration achieves its goals and the responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Classical Era / Period Of Public Administration953 Words   |  4 Pagesera/period of public administration (PA), the prevailing thought was that PA should be studied as its own individual field of study and not embodied within political science, management or law. The belief in the classical period that Public Administration should be studied as its own individual field of study and not embodied within political science, management or law was a rational assumption. According to â€Å"Public administration: An Introduction,† some of the scholars in the field of public administrationRead MorePublic Administration : The Creation And Enforcement Of Public Policy993 Words   |  4 PagesPublic administration focuses its resources for the operations which purpose is the creation and enforcement of public policy. The strength of public administration is the formulation of policies, thus conjoining the discipline or study a form of the political process. Inherently, public administration branched from Social Science then into own identity from Political Science. Public administration would not exist without its major contributors, and although, there is a large list of those who contributedRead MoreIn General, The External Or Internal Control s Are Critical840 Words   |  4 PagesIn general, the external or internal controls are critical issues in public administration. The goal of public administration s to provide high quality of services to the public. External responsibility refers to the rules that affect the activities for the agency. Certainly, internal control is critical in public administration. Usually, internal control purpose is to develop activities that benefit the community; in fact, managers concern with individual’s self-grow and life improvement. Administrators’Read MoreWichita Case Study1428 Words   |  6 PagesFrom: VINESH KUMAR Date: 13th October, 2008 Subject: In what ways did the Wichita case study illustrate some of the characteristics and dilemmas of modern intergovernmental relations? Introduction In many cases intergovernmental intervention is only needed in niche or what Conklin, J. (2001) calls â€Å"wicked problems†. The problem of pollution is this case study, can be classed as a â€Å"wicked problem’ as it touched upon several arenas and considerations simultaneously required governmentalRead MoreBureaucracy Is An Indispensable Part Of The Government Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pagesindispensable part of the government. A government mainly depends on bureaucratic organization for formulating policy and implementing it. More or less Bangladesh administration is bounded by the ideal type of bureaucracy. In this assignment, we ll try to find out the effectiveness of ideal type of bureaucracy in Bangladesh administration. The word â€Å"Bureaucracy† was first used by the French economist M. de Gourney in 18th century. It was popularised in the 19th century, when the British social scientistsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : The Department Of Human Resource And Management1524 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior Today public sector is surrounded by people differences, thus an employee’s ideas and ideals may differ from the organization mission. Therefore an organization advance and productivity need strategies that accommodate people diversity characteristics. The department of human resource and management makes plan to deal with diversity. Diversity issues involves individual characteristics, an individual primary characteristic refers to individuals biological traits such as genderRead MoreMax s Bureaucratic Model With Frederick Riggs Model Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Public Administration is the systematic execution of public law†. There are various theoretical models that have been developed in terms of the execution of public law. Such models may be identified as the bureaucratic or prismatic models. These models both differ in many ways. This essay will seek to compare and contrast Max Webber’s bureaucratic model with Frederick Riggs Prismatic mode l. A society in which there is a mixture of traditional and modern structures is recognized as prismaticRead MoreThe Role Public Administration Play in This Modern Society.636 Words   |  3 PagesPublic administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work. As a field of inquiry with a diverse scope its fundamental goal... is to advance management and policies so that government can function. Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: the management of public programs; the translation of politics into the reality that citizens see everyRead MoreLeadership Style and Crisis Management1175 Words   |  5 Pageshurricane Katrina. The Journal of Public Administration, 88(3), 706-725 In this paper I have summarized the article and offer comments on where additional research would assist in further understanding of the issue. The authors of this article used retrospective review which uses existing data and researches. Leadership style and crisis management have always been the main topics in the wake of a disaster and are always a debate topic between the public and the politicians in power. The

Emotional Intelligence Research Paper - 2131 Words

Emotions Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace Huda Abdalla Ibrahim 200901530 PSY 212 - 501 Zayed University Mercedes Sheen December 13, 2012 Fall Semester 2012 Word count: 1,553 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 2.0 Research Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 3.0 Results †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 4.0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........ 16 Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Emotions Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace According to Merriam-Webster website (2012), an†¦show more content†¦Leadership success and the emotional intelligence in the UAE Amongst the Middle East nations, United Arab Emirates (UAE) is the leading business capital. A study was conducted by Freedman et al. (2010) based on the Six Seconds Emotional Intelligence Assessment (SEI). Various leaders with job positions were selected from different sectors including freelance, employee, manager, executive, and entrepreneur within the Middle East context. The results below revealed that there is a strong association between emotional intelligence (EI) and performance, especially between the group of entrepreneurs of over 70%. [pic] [pic] It is obvious that the top performers scored 1.2 times higher on EI than those with low performance rate. We can conclude that the professional success can be brought by emotional intelligence skills, in addition to performance factors such as, Decision Making, Effectiveness, and Influence. Research Methodology A survey was distributed to 16 participants including female students as well as a teacher. It was conducted on people with different backgrounds and ages ranging from 17 – 50. The questionnaire has 10 questions and they are multiple choices, ranging from 2 to 6 choices. One question contains a short answer which tries to address the anticipation of poor knowledge of EI in the UAE. This survey is designed to provide validity of peoples’Show MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence And Marital Satisfaction1146 Words   |  5 PagesArticle Review Three This article is entitled â€Å"Emotional Intelligence and Marital Satisfaction† by Anagha Lavalekar, Praydnya Kulkarni, and Pranita Jagtap. The research study performed aimed at discovering the relationship between marital satisfaction and emotional intelligence, and how they influenced each other. In order to discover this information the study used the Marital Satisfaction Scale, and the Exploring Emotional Abilities tool (Jagtap, Kulkarni, Lavalekar, 2010). These implementsRead MoreEmotional Intelligence ( Eq ) And Emotional Quotient Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 2016 Emotional Intelligence Many people ponder about the question â€Å"What is Emotional Intelligence (EI) or Emotional Quotient (EQ) and how is it different from Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?† Many people know about Intelligence Quotient or IQ and they probably hope to have a high one, but they may not realize there is also something called EQ and it plays a role in people’s lives every day. EQ is an important concept to learn and understand because there is a lot of research explaining thatRead MoreEmotional Intelligence in Homeland Security927 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence in Homeland Security Robert Frost once wrote, â€Å"Something we were withholding made us weak, until we found out that it was ourselves.† In the business world, professionals are told to leave their emotional baggage â€Å"at the door,† and this emotional plug can eventually lead to personal consequences. The very thing that Robert Frost says we withhold is our heart. Our hearts and the workings of our feelings create an important type of intelligence: an emotional intelligence. ItRead MoreThe Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Leadership1232 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary articles to discuss the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership. I will discuss the reasoning for the credibility of each source chosen for this paper, summarize interesting information provided by each article, discuss any findings related to the topic, and discuss how the topic will influence my future behaviors. Overview of Credible Sources Before I can start discussing the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership, I must explain why the three sourcesRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : Can It Be Taught At Distance Learning Mba Programs?1055 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence Students Name University Name, Course Number Emotional Intelligence: Can it be taught in Distance Learning MBA Programs? Today, managers need more than just top notch technical and intellectual skills. Leaders in healthcare, business and technology are learning that successful managers need high Emotional Quotient (EQ) or Emotional Intelligence (EI) to work effectively. This paper will define EQ and EI and then explore why these skills improve workplace functioningRead MoreEmotional Inelligence Essay examples1669 Words   |  7 Pagesyears emotional intelligence has become one of the hottest topics between organizations. Researches have been working on this topic for time to time, to demonstrate or refute the importance of feelings. In the beginning common thoughts from managers and or supervisors were; emotions are in the way; emotions try to keep us from making good decisions; emotions increase a lack on focusing. Fortunately, an indeed research takes emotional intelligence to an ultimate ideal in which intelligence is basedRead MoreConcept Analysis In Nursing1158 Words   |  5 Pagesto have ambi guous meanings. For the purpose of this paper, we will take a deeper look at one specific concept, emotional intelligence, and examine a peer reviewed article that utilizes the Walker and Avant method to deconstruct the meaning. Emotional intelligence is asks the nurse to look at their own feelings and the feelings of others to achieve a successful nurse-patient interaction. Lastly, this paper will show how emotional intelligence can be applied in practice. Concept for Analysis TheRead MoreLink Between Emotional Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Leadership1033 Words   |  5 PagesReilly, A.H. and Karounos, T.J. (2009), â€Å"Exploring the Link between Emotional Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Leadership Effectiveness†, Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, Vol. 1, Feb. 2009, pp. 1 – 13. Introduction Along with the globalization of business, many corporations are facing the challenge of operating in a different culture. The writers made a connection between emotional intelligence and cross-cultural leadership effectiveness to deal with this situation, thisRead More Get Smart: I.Q. and Emotional Intelligence Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesI.Q. and Emotional Intelligence Intelligence is considered to be one of the most desirable personality qualities in todays society. Expectant parents are told to read and play music to the fetus, in order to stimulate its brain. Being bright is often thought of one the keys to success in life, and highly intelligent people such as Albert Einstein are celebrated. However, despite all the tests and criteria that measure intelligence, the question still remains: what is intelligence? How canRead MoreThe Legal Functions Of Legal Practice808 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant when it comes to productivity and the emotional health of employed legal practitioners, as it will affect their personal productivity and their contribution to the overall success of the legal practice. Ensuring the work environment is as healthy as it can be is the responsibility, or can benefit from the influence, of legal practice managers. Legal practice managers have the challenge and responsibility of developing their own emotional intelligence and recognising it and fostering its growth

Comparison of London by William Blake and Lines Composed...

Comparison of London by William Blake and Lines Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Earth has nothing to show more fair, taken from William Wordsworths Lines composed upon Westminster Bridge, could not be more of a contrast to the way William Blake describes what he sees in his poem London. William Wordsworth and William Blake both wrote their poems within a very similar time, yet they are completely different in all aspects. Lines composed upon Westminster bridge by William Blake describes London as the most beautiful place in the world yet London by William Blake could not be more different. Blake wrote London in 1794. Immediately by the title you think bright†¦show more content†¦They worked long hard hours and had no education; it could be described as a malnourished job. This adds a lot of negativity to the poem in an effective way. Blake also chooses to write about the hapless soldiers sigh, which can be seen to represent young men fighting, and dying pointlessly, wasting their lives. He starts this line with the word And expressing that there are more negative things to come, there are many of them. Blake chooses to write about young people and what he sees, as they are the next generation, but they all live very poor lives which shows there is not much hope for the future. Blake describes the church as the blackening church appals. Normally a church would be described in a good way yet Blake sees it negatively describing the church as blackening which is usually associated with mourning, death and funerals. Blake sees the church in a bad way, a huge institution that you had to go to, yet they did nothing to help these poor people that he has been describing. At the end of the first verse you may think that this may be the end of all the negativity but there is more to come. Blake brings another character in to his poem, the youthful harlots curse. Here Blake chooses to write about aShow MoreRelatedComparison Between â€Å"London† by William Blake and â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge† by William Wordsworth850 Words   |  4 PagesComparison between â€Å"London† by William Blake and â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge† by William Wordsworth The city of London has inspired many poets throughout the ages. Two of the most distinctive portrayals are William Blake’s â€Å"London† published in Songs of Experience in 1974 and â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802† by William Wordsworth. While both Blake and Wordsworth comment on the conflict between appearance and reality, Blake shows the gloomy ugliness by taking down London’sRead MoreLondon by William Blake and Upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth1327 Words   |  6 PagesLondon by William Blake and Upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth This essay aims to compare and contrast the differences and similarities between the two poems London and Upon Westminster Bridge. They both create powerful, contrasting images but are both similar in the use of language and exaggeration. The first poem to be commented upon is London by William Blake, written a couple of decades before the second poem written by William Wordsworth. WilliamRead MoreA Comparison of Poems About London Essay488 Words   |  2 PagesA Comparison of Poems About London London, by William Blake, and William Wordsworths untitled poem, composed on Westminster Bridge, are two different poems written with different styles and techniques to portray their feelings towards London. They are both written in the romantic era and are very passionate in the way they convey their (as both are written in first person) differing opinions on London. Wordsworths sonnet shows all the positive points and that in

Network Based Intrusion Prevention System (Nips) Free Essays

Network Based Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) Definition: An intrusion prevention system sit in-line on the network and monitors the traffic, and when a suspicious event occurs it takes action based on certain prescribed rules. An IPS is an active and real time device, unlike an Intrusion detection system which is not inline and they are passive devices. Intrusion prevention systems are considered to be the evolution of intrusion detection system. We will write a custom essay sample on Network Based Intrusion Prevention System (Nips) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alternately, an Intrusion prevention system is usually a hardware device that is connected to the network. It function is to monitor the network for nay unwanted behavior and to prevent such behavior. A Network based Intrusion prevention system (NIPS) is used to monitor the network as well as protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of a network. Its main functions include protecting the network from Threats such as Denial OF Service and unauthorized usage. Explanation: Network based intrusion Prevention system monitors the network for malicious activity or suspicious traffic by analyzing the protocol activity. NIPS once installed in a network it is used to create Physical security zones. This in essence makes the network intelligent and it and quickly discerns good traffic from bad traffic. In other words the NIPS becomes like a prison for hostile traffic such as Trojans, worms viruses and polymorphic threats. NIPS are manufactured using high speed Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICS) and network processors. A Network processor is different when compared to a micro processor. Network processors are used for high speed network traffic, since they are designed to execute tens of thousands of instructions and comparisons in parallel unlike a microprocessor which executes an instruction at a time. NIPS are considered to be extensions of the present Firewall technologies. Firewalls inspect only the first four layers of the OSI model of any packet of information flow. However, NIPS inspects all seven layers of the OSI model making it extremely difficult to hide anything in the last four layers of a packet. Majority of the network based Intrusion prevention Systems utilize one of the three detection methods they are as follows: †¢Signature based detection: Signatures are attack patterns which are predetermined and also preconfigured. This kind of detection method monitors the network traffic and compares with the preconfigured signatures so as to find a match. On successfully locating a match the NIPS take the next appropriate action. This type of detection fails to identify zero day error threats. However, it has proved to be very good against single packet attacks. †¢Anomaly based detection: This method of detection creates a baseline on average network conditions. Once a baseline has been created, the system intermittently samples network traffic on the basis of statistical analyses and compares the sample to the created baseline. If the activity is found to be outside the baseline parameters, the NIPS takes the necessary action. †¢Protocol State Analysis Detection: This type of detection method identifies deviations of protocol states by comparing observed events with predefined profiles. Comparison OF NIPS and HIPS: Network Based intrusion prevention System: †¢Monitors and analyzes all the network activities. †¢Easier to setup, understand and implement. †¢It proves to be better in detecting and preventing attacks or suspicious activities from the outside. †¢Less expensive. Near real-time response. Host based intrusion Prevention System: †¢Narrow in scope, watches only certain host activities. †¢Much more complex setup and understanding when compared to NIPS. †¢Better in detecting and preventing attacks from the inside. †¢More expensive than NIPS. Comparison OF NIPS and NIDS: Network Based Intrusion Prevention System: †¢Acts as a network gateway. †¢Stops and checks suspicious packets. †¢Prevents successful intrusions. †¢False positives are very bad. Network Based Intrusion Detection System: †¢Unlike NIPS, it only observes network traffic. NIDS logs suspicious activities and generates alerts. †¢Cannot stop an intruder, unlike NIPS. †¢False positives are not as big an issue when compared to network based intrusion prevention system. Summary: A Network based intrusion prevention system must meet the very basics necessities of networking. They are as follows: †¢Low latency: Less than 3ms, regardless of frame size, traffic mix, line rate or attack filter count. †¢Large session counts: Around 50,000 to 1,00,000 simultaneous sessions. †¢Multi-Gigabit Speeds: To support backbone traffic and protect against internal attack. High availability: Must automatically become a transparent switch should any internal element collapse. †¢Precision: Should neither block nor drop good traffic. Sources: http:/ /www. cisco. com/web/about/ciscoitatwork/security/csirt_network-based_intrusion_prevention_system. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Intrusion_prevention_system http://www. foursquareinnovations. co. uk/software_development_and_ebusiness_articles/intrusion_prevention_systems_5. html http://www. infosecwriters. com/text_resources/pdf/JCooper_NIPS. pdf How to cite Network Based Intrusion Prevention System (Nips), Essay examples

Characters mood, themes and action of Shakespeares play Essay Example For Students

Characters mood, themes and action of Shakespeares play Essay In the year 1996 Baz Luhrmann, a famous film director, adapted Shakespeares classic play, Romeo and Juliet. He directed the newer version with the intention of making the film more enjoyable for a wider range of people, bringing different aspects of play into different perspectives. In this essay I will be looking at how Baz Luhrmann directed the play, use of more genres and other various themes and characteristics of the play. In the play Luhrmann set the play in a modern American style city to give you the impression that the play was going to be modern and set in an up to date kind of setting. We know this from the opening montage which includes various shots of the city from both a birds eye view (taken from a helicopter) and a point of view shot, I think Luhrmann did this to show you how the city looks from different peoples viewpoints. I also think that he chose the modern city landscape because many people could relate to the setting of the film. Skyscrapers dominate the city skyline showing that the city is a city over-ran with business. Two of the skyscrapers have a both the Montague and Capulets families signs on, an interesting observation of this is that the skyscrapers are opposite each other, giving the impression that they are enemies in both business terms and in friendship. In the opening scene Luhrmann has used a petrol station for the first fight scene because people usually associate petrol stations as being a high-risk place with the possibility of a big explosion with the petrol and fire. This, in opinion is an excellent place to set the first fight in that it shows that both sides of the family are prepared to risk anything to show their feelings and to get their own way. Another advantage of setting the fight at the petrol station is to get the audience excited and on the edge of their seats within the first 10 minutes of the play. In doing this he has set the tone of the play and grabbed the attention of the audience. I think Shakespeare would have opened the play like this to give the audience a flavour of what was to come later on in the play. He uses crude humour to show that the play is for more than one kind of audience, but Luhrmann has taken that one step further to make it more enjoyable for a wider range of people by mixing in different styles of comedy. He has used a kind of sketch comedy in the first petrol scene with one of the Montague boys taunting the Capulet boys with a bite of the thumb, which was in their days considered as swearing. When he bit his thumb he made a stupid face as well, to taunt Abra (a Capulet) but it also makes the audience laugh as well, again, a reference to the Shakespearean text, Act 1, scene 1, line 40-45. The main similarities between the two openings of the plays are that in both plays they both start with a fighting scene, Luhrmann has kept this in to familiarise the older play (and older people) with the newer one. One of the biggest similarities between the two plays is that it uses old English language. Differences between the two plays are that in the modern film version of the play at the beginning, a newsreader on television reads the prologue. Whereas in the stage show, a person comes on and physically reads it on stage, Luhrmann has done this to relate an old play to newer times with new technology. Finally, another difference between the two versions is that Shakespeares play is a lot more serious and proper than Baz Luhrmanns version, which is more laid back. Luhrmann has again, done this to relate it to modern times. .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 , .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 .postImageUrl , .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 , .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4:hover , .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4:visited , .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4:active { border:0!important; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4:active , .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4 .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud517de4e3ffd34595dfa60b7c0e1f5d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Portrayal of Shakespeare's Hamlet in Cinema EssayIn the film Tybalt and Benvolio play key roles in the play, Tybalt, firstly, is described as the Prince of Cats in the play, Luhrmann has done this to show that he can be gentlemanly at times, and right beast at other times, a bit like a cat, hence the name. When Tybalt is at the petrol station it introduces him, first, by him squashing a cigarette end with his boots, it then tracks up his body and stops at his head, where it stops and shows his face. I feel Luhrmann has done this tracking up the body thing to show he is powerful and to give you a good look at his clothes and the build of his body. Luhrmann has almost ma de Tybalt seems an act of the devil, with his piercing eyes and strong, stocky build, usually associated with the devil. Benvolio however is introduced driving his gangs car to the petrol station, showing that he is a kind of leader and role model to the rest of the group. When at the petrol station Benvolio is the main person doing all the shooting for the Montague side and is directing various people what to do. Benvolio is the one who stops the fight by running off, meanwhile the rest of his gang speed away in their car. Benvolio is made to seem like a hero, with is Hawaiian shirt, blond hair and blue eyes, he wears this to relate to todays fashions. Mise en scene (whats in the frame and why) is used differently in the film for different scenes. For example, in the opening montage a view from a police helicopter gives a birds eye view of the city, it also gives an effect of looking down on disorder in the metropolis below. A different example of mise en scene is when at the petrol station a mid shot is used to show there is no specific focus and the camera has nothing for the camera to be particularly interested in. Finally in the opening montage there is a long shot of the city to the set the scene and to show the rough skyline of the city. The soundtrack plays a big part in the film, the very beginning part of the movie uses a very fast, dramatic piece of classical music. I think Luhrmann used the hard-hitting music to show it was a rough, tough film from the very beginning to the end. The music used in the opening is something you would associate with a fight scene. Despite this, in the petrol station scene a kind of rock music is used with the Montague boys, to show that they are a cool group of lads. Whereas with the Capulet boys, nothing is played to let the audience hear the speech and sound effects to see what they are plotting next. The camera focuses on different characters in different ways. Luhrmann uses a tilting camera movement on Tybalt to give him a sense on mystery until you see his face, when it got to Tybalts face it froze. Whn it froze Tybalt had a mischievous look on his face, making you think he was plotting something. Benvolio, however is frozen on straight away at the petrol station, he is posed pointing a gun at Tybalt, who is out of shot. This straight away portrays Benvolio as a hero, because he is the good guy who is shooting the bad guy, a bit like a spaghetti western. The other characters are introduced with freeze frame but for a shorter period of time and with no particular pose, showing that they are not as significant. An interesting close-up was of Abras teeth, cased by a silver jaw with the word SIN engraved into it, showing that he is part of Tybalts gang, with the devil-like reference.

As I Lay Dying, by William Faulkner Essay Example For Students

As I Lay Dying, by William Faulkner Essay In As I Lay Dying, by William Faulkner, all of the Bundren family members are quite eccentric and would be difficult to travel with; but the worst member would have to be Addie because she smells and slows us down. While traveling with the Bundrens, one of the reasons I most despise Addie the fact that her grotesque smell makes me sick and the trip very unpleasant. The first smell I have to endure and hate the most is the smell of her rotting body alone. After her body has been decomposing for 9 days, people can smell her miles away! Imagine the smell I have to experience just a few feet away from her. The next smell is the disgusting fish water that her body is saturated in. That smell just adds to the horrid stench to create a smorgasbord of disgusting odors. The rotting body and dirty river water would be enough, but the she has to go and burn herself too! That fool Darl lit her on fire; and Jewel, the idiot he is, went and saved her. Now I have to travel with the stench of a burnt carcass. The combination of all three smells is so unbearable that I can not stand Addie one second longer. Furthermore, instead of enjoying my well-earned vacation to Jefferson, not only do I have to worry about the safety of Addie? ody, but she is also a nuisance to every family in one way or another. If it were not for Addie, we would get to Jefferson much faster and enjoy our vacation. Without her, there would have been no trouble crossing the river. She is an inconvenience to every single member of the family starting with Jewel whom goes through the trouble of saving her from the river and the fire. Next, Cash breaks his leg and has to have a concrete cast because of his attempt to get her body safely across the river. Anse is obviously frustrated with Addie for many reasons. He wants to get to Jefferson as soon as possible to get his teeth, and he also needs to get a new wife to do his work for him. In addition to Anse, Dewey Dell also wants to get to Jefferson as soon as possible to have her abortion. Finally, Darl pays the biggest price for his mother and is sent to an insane asylum because of his selfless act to try giving her a respectful burial. Every single member of the family makes sacrifices for Addie and is inconvenienced in some way by her existence. This is why Addie Bundren is the most difficult member of the family to travel with.

Comparing and Contrasting the Significant Aspects of Machiavellis Political Philosophy Vis a Vis Those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu

Introduction Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy, on May 3, 1469. He was a political philosopher and diplomat during the Renaissance period, who became famous for his political discourse â€Å"The Prince† published in 1513 that is a keystone to modern political philosophy. It is this piece of work that made him be aptly referred to as the father of modern political theory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrasting the Significant Aspects of Machiavelli’s Political Philosophy Vis a Vis Those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay aims at bringing out the similarities and contrasts of Niccolo Machiavelli’s viewpoint with those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu, who are also meant to be renowned philosophers. This will in turn vary the significance of their contributions towards the development of the study of political theor y. To achieve this end, I will systematically divide this paper in three sections. Firstly, I will endeavor to highlight the significant aspects of the political philosophy advocated by each of the four philosophers. Secondly, I will attempt to bring out the shared similarities and divergent perspectives between them and lastly buttress the importance of their efforts in the advancement of the field of political philosophy. Starting with Machiavelli, it is clearly evident in his manuscripts that he favored policies that would encourage self preservation tendencies of the ruling elite. He came up with strategies that would distract the subjects into focusing entirely on self advancement and aggrandizement thereby, warding off mass political activism (Machiavelli, 35-56). The Renaissance period in Italy when political standoffs were intense and violent pitting dominant states, like the Papacy, Florence, Naples, Milan and Venice, against each other inspired him to develop his theories mostly captured in â€Å"The Prince†. Machiavelli also believed that for any survival of a state, a virtuous and patriotic spirit should be engendered in its citizenry, especially in the politically active ones, and that a government is made strong by tussles triggered by open debate and participation. The adjective â€Å"Machiavellian† has been used in a derogatory way since that time as a fitting description of a cunning and a self serving politician. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes is also widely regarded as one of the greatest political philosophers of all time. The complete expression of Hobbes’s philosophy found in his leading works ‘Lethiavan’ begins with a clearly materialistic description of human nature and knowledge. It gives a firm deterministic account of human preference and a cynical vision of the consequently natural state of human beings in the unending struggle with each other.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Hobbes, it is an attempt to break off from this state of affairs, thus we should form the commonwealth and surrender our own powers to the authority of supreme sovereignty. That is why as far as Hobbes was concerned, individual obedience to whatever form of government with the reigns of power was necessary in order to forestall the greater evil of war (Hobbes, 48-104). Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques -Rousseau was born in Geneva on June 28, 1712. Rousseau’s most dominant work is â€Å"The Social contract† that describes the relationship of man with society. In the work, he describes the state of nature as that which lacks for morality and that is lawless. According to this philosopher, morality and politics go hand in hand, and none can be separated from the other. In this case, the lack of morality within a state results into the virtuous malfunction of that state making it loos e its right to genuinely rule over the public. Another key principle brought out by Rousseau is that of freedom and which he believes the state must preserve (Rousseau, 98). Rousseau also argues that the growth of science and art did not benefit man in any way. On the contrary, he believed that the advancement of such knowledge would only reduce the liberty of man and lead to the rise of a powerful government. According to this philosopher, such advancement brought about fear, suspicion and jealousy (Rousseau, 170). Charles de Secondat Montesquieu Another great political philosopher of high standing was Montesquieu who was regarded as the philosopher of Enlightenment. He saw autocracy and particularly despotism as a time bomb for any government exhibiting such dispositions. He was of the argument that this could be prevented only through the formation of a system whereby the various bodies practiced judicial, executive as well as the legislative power, and where these were also plac ed under the law. Montesquieu was also of the view that most laws in many countries could be made less oppressive, and in such a way, they would be not only liberal but also humane. He called for the eradication of slavery and religious discrimination which he believed should be replaced with commerce and trade (Montesquieu Lowenthal, 68). Comparison between the philosophers Having had an insight of the kind of philosophies that Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu advanced, we can, therefore, concur that all of them were of the same view in the establishment of a government and the maxim that should be attained by power as well as authority. In other words, each of them thought they had a remedy on how to run a successful government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrasting the Significant Aspects of Machiavelli’s Political Philosophy Vis a Vis Those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The philosophers agreed in the nature of man and in the desire to exist in a society that was ordered and dependent. Additionally, they held the same view of man as a conniving, evil and self-centered being whose greed and individualism had to be exploited to the advantage of the ruling class. Any stark contrasts in their theories can be attributed to the different periods, ideologies and circumstances each of them was finding during the time of their existence. In the case of Niccolo Machiavelli, for example, his life was mostly based on a period of upheaval in Italy. The upheaval can be attributed and described by the unrest, failed loyalties and many battles. On the other hand, Hobbes philosophy was mainly influenced by the civil war in England. This war had more influence than any other factors to the extent that most of his famous works were war based and intended to draw a correlation between the scientific revolution of that era and t he development of politics. The three men can be seen to have far fetched influence ranging from the thirteenth century down to the eighteenth century. This has been recorded through their various highly noted vocations. Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Rousseau Montesquieu had many things in common though the word politics acted as the bridge between them. The men had differing ideas in the political arena. According to Machiavelli’s ideas, authoritarianism was the order of the day, the factor that could not merge with democracy. From their ideas, I can assert that the perfect view of a prosperous society falls amid Hobbes’s cynicism as well as Montesquieu optimism. Nowadays, it is a fact that Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu did not only influence, but shaped modern political theories by their views. Works Cited Hobbes,Thomas. The Leviathan. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub, 1968. Print. Machiavelli,Niccolo. The Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy. NY: Penguin Pu b, 1984. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Lowenthal, David. Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans Their Decline. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1999. Print. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. On The Social Contract. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987. Print. This essay on Comparing and Contrasting the Significant Aspects of Machiavelli’s Political Philosophy Vis a Vis Those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu was written and submitted by user Bailee L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Inside the Meltdown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inside the Meltdown - Essay Example In this particular clip, on the meltdown that took place in the year 2008 in the United States of America, the theme economy has dominated the whole story. In this particular melt down, a lot of emphasis are made on the financial markets and the different economists who hold a number of high ranks are trying to react to this. Nearly all the departmental heads and the economists of this time, are advocating for the need to increase the oversight on financial markets. There is a liquidity threat and the economists are trying to analyze on how the availability of cash in the economy can lead to a solvency problem to some of the major financial institutions like banks. The whole story shows the high levels of risks that get evident as a result of funding long term liquid assets, which come along with liabilities that entails shorter durations of time. A lot of issues pertaining the levels of interest that need to get set on loans as well as the investments to get conducted arise in this meltdown. Responsibility as a theme has got the better part of this film. This is very evident by the number of state officials in the government dockets gets reacting towards this particular meltdown. A number of employees and other departmental heads from Bear Stearns Organization are reacting to this matter and everyone is trying to get more responsible by playing his or her part. No one wants to get pointed finger at as the one responsible for this particular economic depression, therefore ensures that his/her records are clean, and has undertaken all the duties expected of him/her. Another dominant theme in the story is media and information. In the clip, all the working places a number of televisions where the workers follow the news. Any of the latest information reaching the media gets anchored and spread to the public or citizens by use of the television media. This has made all

In what ways does Kathryn Bigelow undermine the conventions of action Essay

In what ways does Kathryn Bigelow undermine the conventions of action cinema Use Point Break as your example and be sure to incorporate the discussions of critics that were assigned to read - Essay Example The scenes which include skydiving are greatly done to make one wonder how Bigelow managed to shoot these scenes at the time (Benson-Allott 3). Point Break is considered an unconventional film due to the pair of actors that Bigelow employed. During the 80’s and the early 90’s, action film were considered to employ more male masculine actors. The likes of Arnold Schwarzenegger, Steven Segul, Claude Van Damme, Sylvester Stallone, and Chuck Norris. The action film genre was characterized by huge and masculine figures during this period. The likes of Jet Li and Tom Cruise were lighter, smooth, faster action figures. In Keanu Reeves and Patrick Swazey, Bigelow managed to use Point Break in the transformation of Hollywood’s action film from masculine figures to smooth, intelligent crime busters (Benson-Allot 4). Sean Redmond, makes three claims about Katherine Bigelow and Point Black that shows her an unconventional approach to action film. While most critics look at Bigelow’s approach to film as Political, genetically transgressive and feminist, Point Break did not reflect the radical approaches of ideology that Bigelow employed in The Hurt Locker (2009) and the most recent Zero Dark Thirty (2012). In Point Break, Raymond sees Bigelow as founding a new subculture of FBI in action film. Raymond insists that Bigelow showed her political ideology in Point Break. Although the scripts of the movie already existed before Bigelow became the director, it was hard to imagine that the likes of Keanu Reeves and Swazey would make the set (Redmond 4). Redmond sees Bigelow as a radical because in Point Break, the film does not follow the political order which valued lifestyle and counter-culture values. The subculture of thieves who are surfers, led by Bodhi is exalted in the work. The FBI ethos are abandoned by the main character, John Utah, when he is undercover. He is drawn into the life style of this surfer criminal gang.

Exam Answers on EU Law

Exam Answers on EU Law (a)  The UK Parliament wishes to challenge the draft Directive on the basis that it infringes the principle of subsidiarity. The UK Parliament has a system of scrutiny committees that are responsible to review the proposal established by the EU Commission. In the given scenario, the draft Directive touches on the area of ‘Research, Technological Development and Space’. According to Article 4 of Lisbon Treaty, the EU and Member States have shared competence in this field, but paragraph 3 further stipulates that the exercise of the EU’s competence in this field does not limit the competence of the Member States. Therefore, the scrutiny committees may issue a reasoned opinion on the basis that the draft Directive has infringed the principle of subsidiarity set out in Article 5(3) of the Lisbon Treaty of European Union. According to Article 6 of Protocol 2, the UK committees must issue the reasoned opinion that oppose the draft Directive within eight weeks from the date of transmission.[1] Here, the draft Directive was established on 15 December 2012 and thus the deadline for the UK Parliament to issue the reasoned opinion will be 9 February 2013. It must be noted that, if at least one third of the national parliaments have given the reasoned opinion, it is considered as a ‘yellow card’ and the Commission can be required to review the draft Directive. However, in case of more than a simple majority, this is an orange card and this allows the European Parliament and the Council to reject the draft Directive before the first reading.[2] (b)  The German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (hereinafter referred to as ‘the association’) wishes to challenge the regulation, in order for it to be declared invalid. There are two ways available: a direct action under Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as ‘TFEU’); or an indirect action under Article 267 of TFEU. Direct Action under Article 263 In order to strike down the directive successfully under Article 263,[3] there are three procedural requirements: there is a legal act, the action is raised within the prescribed limit of two months and the applicant must have sufficient legal standing to initiate the action.[4] By virtue of Article 288 of the TFEU, a directive is a ‘legal act’ that fulfil the Article 263 requirement. We are told that the directive was adopted on 1 July 2013 and thus the latest date for the association to bring the action is 1 September 2013. Further, the association is a non-privileged applicant who has no automatic standing and thus it is necessary for the association to satisfy that the adopted Directive is of both the direct and individual concern to them.[5] Nevertheless, as shown in the Salamander case, it may be extremely difficult for a non-privileged applicant to prove that a directive is of direct concern to him.[6] According to Plaumann, it is likely that the directive casts no individual concern to the association as they cannot be differentiated from the other researchers.[7] Thus, the action under Article 263 looks unlikely materialise to the association. Indirect Action under Article 267 Alternatively, under Article 267, the association may have to be a party to an action in a national court and the court would have discretion as to whether or not to make a reference on this issue to the CJEU. According to Rau v BALM, the facts that the association has no standing under Article 263 would not affect their ability in bring an Article 267 action.[8] But it is still not advisable for the association to bring an action under Article 267 as it has been pointed out by Advocate General Jacobs in UnioÃÅ'’n de PequenÃÅ'Æ’os Agricultores that it is wrong to expect someone to ‘breach the law in order to gain access to justice’.[9] (c)  Professor Moltisanti wishes to bring an action against Italian government for its failure to implement the directive. There are two actions available to him: the doctrine of direct effect; or the Francovich principle. The Doctrine of Direct Effect According to the leading case of Van Gen den Loos, in order for directive to give rise to direct effects, certain criteria has to be satisfied.[10] First of all, as shown in Ratti, the court held that the applicant is only allowed to rely on a directive that the deadline for implementation has been expired.[11] On the facts, the grant scheme runs from July 2014, this indicates that the deadline for transposition (1 November 2013) has already expired and thus Professor Moltisanti may be able to rely on the directive directly in the court. Next, in Marshall v Southampton SW Hampshire AHA, it was held that a directive could be invoked vertically against a public body.[12] In the other words, Professor Moltisanti can rely on the directive vertically against the Italian government. Francovich Principle On the other hand, an alternative way that available for Professor Moltisanti is the principle established in the Francovich case that a right to damages against the member states is available to individuals if they have suffered loss as a result of the member state’s failure to implement a directive.[13] This principle is further developed Factortame, where the court laid down the criteria in replying the Francovich principle that there must be a sufficiently serious breach and direct causal link can be established between the breach and the loss suffered by the individual.[14] Applying this to the facts, the failure to implement the directive is automatically a sufficiently serious breach within the SchoÃÅ'ˆppenstedt[15] formula and it is clearly that the Italian government’s failure to implement the directive makes Professor Moltisanti lost the opportunity to gain support under the scheme. Therefore, it is likely that he may seek redress under the Francovich principle. Introduction The statement suggests that the principle of supremacy of EU law is merely a myth originated from the Court of Justice case law, where in fact the national courts have constantly challenged on this concept. In this essay, we will deal with the principle of supremacy of EU law from both the Court of Justice and national courts’ perspectives and argue that the given statement is correct in the context that the supremacy principle enunciated by the Court of Justice is itself fictional and its application in the national courts is not absolute. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the Court of Justice’s Perspective When a State joins the European Union, it is considered that there will be a transfer of sovereignty for certain specific areas of policy from the state to the community. Nevertheless, the community treaty does not contain specific reference in the relationship between the EU law and national law and this leads to a situation where both law are in conflict. Not surprisingly, the Court of Justice (hereinafter referred to as ‘CJEU’, previously known as the ‘European Court of Justice’, ‘ECJ’) is on the view that the EU law must prevail in such conflict. The court took its first step in preserving the uniformity of application of EU law among the Member States in the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos.[16] The stance was affirmed in Costa v ENEL, where the ECJ held that the community has ‘created its own legal system which became an integral part of the legal systems of the Member States and which their courts are bound to apply’.[17] The ECJ further added force to the supremacy principle in the Simmenthal case, where it held that the national courts must set aside the national law if it is in conflict with the community law.[18] At this point, it can be argued that the supremacy principle established by the CJEU is ‘fictional’ as it merely requires a disapplication of national law. In Factortame, the ECJ made clear that if there is a dispute between the national law and the community law, the national courts must set aside its national law, instead on striking down the provision as ultra vires.[19] Furthermore, the supremacy principle from the CJEU’s perspective is not absolute and this was shown in the Asda Stores case in which the ECJ had forfeited the EU supremacy and applied the conflicting national law. [20] On the other hand, because of the wide variation of the constitutional background between the member states, the national courts have responded differently in interpreting the supremacy principle into their own legal system. The Principle of Supremacy of EU law from the National Courts’ Perspectives There are mainly two approaches to the incorporation of EU law by the national courts, namely monist or dualist approaches. Monistic Theory In monist States, such as Belgium and France, all law is treated equally, it is not necessary for an international law to be implemented into national law and the national courts can apply the law Dualistic Theory For states with a dualist system, such as Germany and United Kingdom, international law and national law are considered to be fundamentally distinct. This means that international law cannot be directly applied by the national courts but requires the translation into the national law. As to give a clearer analysis, we will deal with the legal system of the member states separately: Belgium Belgium provides a good example of acceptance of the supremacy of EU law based upon reasoning which is closest to that employed by the ECJ itself.[21] Even though there has no provision in the Belgian Constitution that supports the supremacy of EU law, the Belgian Court demonstrated its willingness to accord the supremacy principle in Le Ski case. In this case, it was held that if there is a conflict between the Belgian Constitution and a provision under EU treaty that imposes direct effect in the national legal system, the EU law prevails.[22] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the Belgian court’s perspective? It is submitted that Belgium manages the supremacy principle of EU law with relatively ease. Can this be argued that as an evidence of the supremacy principle? Bribosa commented on this issue that the approach taken by the court was actually a consideration of Kompetenz-Kompetenz (competence-competence) doctrine but rather than the ruling of ECJ.[23] In other words, instead of treating that the EU law is superior to the Belgian law, it may be more appropriate to recognise that the Belgian courts has sought to emerge the new community rule with its established domestic legal framework. France In France, the court’s willingness to accord the supremacy of EU law was shown in the Administration des Douanes case[24], where it was held that by virtue of Article 55 of the French Constitution, if there is a conflict between national law and a ratified international treaty, the latter should be give precedence over the former.[25] This approach was only affirmed in Nicolo case[26] where the court suggested that Article 55 enables the courts to review the validity of French legislation with the EU provisions and thus the community law should be given precedence over the national law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the French court’s perspective? Even though the French courts have recognised the supremacy of EU treaty, it is arguable that the supremacy of EU law in the context of French jurisdiction is not absolute. The Constitutional Council had made it clear in the reasoned Decision given on 9 April 1992 Maastricht I[27] that France could derogate its sovereignty to the Union, only if the particular community rule is not contradictory to the French Constitution and will not violate the exercise of national sovereignty.[28] Such reasoning can be regarded as putting a limitation to France’s acceptance of supremacy and thus it may casts ambiguity on the supremacy principle that derived from the CJEU’s ruling. Germany In Germany, the EU supremacy principle is shaped with the terms of Article 23 of the German Basic Law. In Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v EVGF (Solange I), the Federal Constitutional Court held that although Article 23 allowed the transfer of legislative power to EU law, the German Constitution would still take priority over the EU treaty if the community has not removed the possible conflict of norms between EU law and the fundamental rights provision under the German Constitution.[29] However, having considered the development of fundamental rights doctrine by the ECJ, the position has been altered in the case of Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft (Solange II), where it held stated that the court would no longer review EU provision in light of the German Constitution.[30] Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the German court’s perspective? By observing the change of attitude of Federal Constitutional Court in adopting the supremacy principle, it is likely that the ECJ’s wish that the EU law should prevail over national law may be fulfilled. However, in has been made clear in Brunner v European Union Treaty the supremacy of EU law within German jurisdiction is not unconditional, the EU law will be applied only because the national law says it does. [31] Therefore, it may not be appropriate to say that the EU law is supreme over German domestic law because the German courts have not surrendered Germany sovereignty but merely fulfil the obligations of EU membership.[32] United Kingdom The situation becomes more complicated in the UK jurisdiction because of its doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. As a dualist states, the EU treaty will only have effect in the UK legal system with the incorporation of UK Act. This led to the publication of the European Communities Act 1972 (hereinafter referred to as ‘ECA 1972’), whereby it incorporates the EU provisions into the English legal system. In R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame, Lord Bridge stated that it had ‘always been clear that it was the duty of a United Kingdom court when delivering final judgment, to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of Community law’.[33] Nevertheless, it must be noted that, the effect of this case would not actually nullify the existing UK legislation and this indicates that the UK national law is still superior to the EU law. Is the Supremacy of EU law over national law a fantasy of the Court of Justice with reference to the British court’s perspective? It is arguable that the EU law does not take precedence over the UK law since the community legislation may only be effective within the UK legal system with the incorporation of ECA 1972. Such approach has been adopted by Lord Justice Laws in the case of Thoburn v Sunderland City Council, where he pointed out that the relationship between the UK and the EU depends on UK law, not EU law. [34] Conclusion According to Maduro, ‘the acceptance of the supremacy of EU rules over national constitutional rules has not been unconditional’.[35] It is apparent from the discussion above, despite the distinction between monistic and dualist system, the application of EU law under the national legal framework is ultimately influenced by the national law. Therefore, it might be true that the supremacy principle is a fantasy of the CJEU. However, notwithstanding talk of any legal fiction, it can be observed from the case law that the national courts do give effect to supremacy of EU law. The fact that EU law has been consistently and uniformly applied in the member states’ courts today creates no real dispute over the application of supremacy principle in practice. Question: Word length: (2) 1129 (4) 1999 TOTAL 3128 Bibliography Tables of cases EU Cases Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÅ'ˆppenstedt v Council (5/71) [1971] ECR 975 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal (106/77) [1978] ECR 629 Brasserie du PeÃÅ'‚cheur/Factortame III (C-46/93 48/93) [1996] ECR I-1029 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another (C-108/01) [2003] ECR I-5121 Costa v ENEL (6/64) [1964] ECR 585 Francovich v Italy Republic (6/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (271/91) [1993] ECR I-4367 Ministero Pubblico v Ratti (148/78) [1979] ECR 1629 P UnioÃÅ'’n de PequenÃÅ'Æ’os Agricultores v Council (C-50/00) [2002] ECR I-6677 Plaumann Co v Commission (25/62) [1963] ECR 95 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÅ'ˆr Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung (C-133/85) [1987] ECR-2289 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council (T-172 175-177/98) [2000] ECR II- 2487 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others (C-213/89) [1990] ECR 2433 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (26/62) [1963] ECR 1 Belgian Case Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse ‘Le Ski’ [1972] CMLR 330 French Cases Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÅ'’teÃÅ'’ CafeÃÅ'’s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336 Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173 German Cases Brunner v European Union Treaty [1994] 1 CMLR 57 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fà ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540 Wà ¼nsche handelsgesellschaft,Re [1987] 3 CMLR 225 United Kingdom Cases Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2003] QB 151 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame [1991] AC 603 Table of Legislation EU Legislation Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 4 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 5 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 263 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 267 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 288 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 6 Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, Art 7 French Legislation Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 April 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I French Constitution, art 55 German Legislation Basic Law, art 24 United Kingdom Legislation European Communities Act 1972 Secondary Sources Books Chalmers D, Davies G and Monti G, European Union Law (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2014) Hartley T, European Union Law in a Global Context: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press 2004) Articles Benvenisti E and Downs G, ‘The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loos’ [2014] 25 EJIL 85 Martinoco G, ‘Is the European Convention going to be ‘supreme’? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courts’ [2010] EJIL 401 Maduro M, ‘Interpreting European Law: Judicial Adjudication in a Context of Constitutional Pluralism’ [2007]1 EJLS 2 Electronic Sources Craig P, ‘The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Law’ http://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf> accessed 29 December 2014 1 [1] Protocol (No.2) on the Application of the Principle of Subsidiarity and Proportionality [2010] OJ C 83/206, art 7. [2] Ibid, art 6. [3] Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2008] OJ C115/47, art 264. [4] Ibid, art 263. [5] Ibid. [6] Joined Cases T-172 175-177/98 Salamander and others v European Parliament and Council [2000] ECR II- 2487. [7] Case 25/62 Plaumann Co v Commission [1963] ECR 95. [8] Case C-133/85 Rau v Bundesanstalt fuÃÅ'ˆr Landswirtschaftliche Marktordnung [1987] ECR-2289. [9] Case C-50/00 P UnioÃÅ'’n de PequenÃÅ'Æ’os Agricultores v Council [2002] ECR I-6677, Opinion of AG Jacobs, paras. 41-9. [10] Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1. [11] Case 148/78, Ministero Pubblico v Ratti [1979] ECR 1629. [12] Case 271/91, Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA [1993] ECR I-4367. [13] Case 6/90 Francovich v Italy Republic [1991] ECR I-5357. [14] Joined Cases C-46/93 48/93 Brasserie du PeÃÅ'‚cheur/Factortame III [1996] ECR I-1029. [15] Case 5/71 Aktien-Zuckerfabrik SchoÃÅ'ˆppenstedt v Council [1971] ECR 975. [16] Van Gend en Loos (n 10). [17] Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585, 593. [18] Case 106/77 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629, 21. [19] Case C-213/89 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others [1990] ECR 2433. [20] Case C-108/01 Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Another v Asda Stores Ltd and Another [2003] ECR I-5121. [21] Paul Craig, ‘The ECJ, National Courts and the Supremacy of Community Law’ http://www.ecln.net/elements/conferences/bookrome/craig.pdf> accessed 29 December 2014. [22] Eyal Benvenisti and George Downs, ‘The Premises, Assumptions, and Implication of Van Gend en Loos’ [2014] 25 EJIL 85, http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/25/1/2477.pdf> accessed 9 January 2014, citing Minister for Economic Affairs v SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse ‘Le Ski’ [1972] CMLR 330, 347. [23] Paul (n 21), citing H Bribosia, ‘Report on Belgium’, in A-M Slaughter, A Stone Sweet and J H H Weiler (eds), The European Court and National Courts, Doctrine and Jurisprudence (Oxford: Hart Publishing 1998) p.21-22. [24] Paul (n 21), citing Administration des Douanes v SocieÃÅ'’teÃÅ'’ CafeÃÅ'’s Jacques Vabre J. Weigel et Cie. SARL [1975] 2 CMLR 336. [25] Paul (n 21). [26] Raoul Georges Nicolo and another [1990] 1 CMLR 173, as translation can be found in http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=1440> accessed 9 January 2014. [27]Conseil Constitutionnel, decision n.92-308 DC of 9 April 1992, Treaty of Maastricht I, as translation can be found in http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/french/case.php?id=998> accessed 9 January 2014. [28] Giuseppe Martinoco, ‘Is the European Convention going to be ‘supreme’? A Comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courts’ [2010] EJIL 401. [29] Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fà ¼r Getreide und Futtermittel [1974] 2 CMLR 540, as translation can be found in http://www.utexas.edu/law/academics/centers/transnational/work_new/german/case.php?id=588> assessed 9 January 2014.